Finding the Optimal Surgical Incision Pattern—A Biomechanical Study

Abstract

The closure of wounds and subsequent optimal wound healing is essential to any successful surgical intervention. Especially on parts of the body with limited possibilities for local reconstruction, optimal distribution of load is essential. The aim of the present study was therefore to examine three different incision patterns, conventional straight, Lazy-S and Zigzag, with regard to their biomechanical stability and mode of failure on a porcine skin model. Our results demonstrate the superior biomechanical stability of Lazy-S and Zigzag incision patterns with perpendicular suture placement. This holds true, in particular, for Zigzag incisions, which showed the highest values for all parameters assessed. Moreover, the observed superior stability of Lazy-S and Zigzag incision patterns was diminished when sutures were placed in tensile direction. The conventional straight incision represents the standard access for a large number of surgical procedures. However, we were able to demonstrate the superior biomechanical stability of alternative incision patterns, in particular the Zigzag incision. This is most likely caused by an improved distribution of tensile force across the wound due to the perpendicular placement of sutures. Moreover, this technique offers additional advantages, such as a better overview of the operated area as well as several cosmetic improvements. We therefore advocate that the surgeon should consider the use of a Zigzag incision over a conventional straight incision pattern.

Optimizing cutaneous excisions on extremities: a comparative review of elliptical closure and S-plasty techniques

“…The S-plasty, compared with other linear closure techniques, is recognized for its superior wound stability. 7 Although it elongates the length of the scar relative to standard elliptical excision, it does not increase the distance between the scar's apices. The tissue closure efficiency, the ratio of the defect's surface area to the total area of tissue loss post-reconstruction, is nearly equivalent for both elliptical closure (38.5%) and S-plasty (36.3%).…”

Quick and safe: why a k-wire-extension-block-fixation of a bony mallet finger is the favoured treatment

“…In addition, open procedures with using a plate have been described [ 14 ]. Special circumstances such as the incision pattern as well as the consequences of tourniquet ischemia and suture materials must be considered [ 15 – 18 ]. Ultimately, the aim of the therapy is to regain the ability of complete DIP extension while preserving flexion in the DIP joint preventing secondary swan neck deformities at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint [ 5 ].…”