Finding and Producing Probiotic Glycosylases for the Biocatalysis of Ginsenosides: A Mini Review

Abstract

Various microorganisms have been widely applied in nutraceutical industries for the processing of phytochemical conversion. Specifically, in the Asian food industry and academia, notable attention is paid to the biocatalytic process of ginsenosides (ginseng saponins) using probiotic bacteria that produce high levels of glycosyl-hydrolases. Multiple groups have conducted experiments in order to determine the best conditions to produce more active and stable enzymes, which can be applicable to produce diverse types of ginsenosides for commercial applications. In this sense, there are various reviews that cover the biofunctional effects of multiple types of ginsenosides and the pathways of ginsenoside deglycosylation. However, little work has been published on the production methods of probiotic enzymes, which is a critical component of ginsenoside processing. This review aims to investigate current preparation methods, results on the discovery of new glycosylases, the application potential of probiotic enzymes and their use for biocatalysis of ginsenosides in the nutraceutical industry.

Microbial biocatalysis of quercetin-3-glucoside and isorhamnetin-3-glucoside inSalicornia herbaceaand their contribution to improved anti-inflammatory activity

“…Therefore, orally consumed avonoid molecules are catalysed and structurally transformed into deglycosylated avonoid forms (aglycones) by gut microbiota and their glycosidases. 24 Flavonoids in the form of aglycones are known to be more efficiently transferred into the bloodstream from the intestinal tract and more effectively act as bioactive molecules than the avonol glycosides from which they are produced. [25][26][27] Glucose is the most common sugar moiety of avonol glycosides in plants, and the b-glucosidic bonds of Q3G and IR3G are possibly deconjugated via b-glucosidase catalysis.…”

Anti-Obesity Effects of a Mixture of Fermented Ginseng, Bifidobacterium longum BORI, and Lactobacillus paracasei CH88 in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

“…In recent years, there has been a growing demand among consumers for probiotics and probiotic foods. Ginseng absorption and probiotic colonization are closely related and occur in the intestine [6][7][8]. The pharmacological action of ginsenosides occurs via biotransformation, which is deglycosylation by intestinal bacteria [9].…”

Pigment Production by the Edible Filamentous Fungus Neurospora Intermedia

“…In general, the presence of glucose leads to the repression of genes encoding for the metabolism of alternative carbon sources [22,23], but potentially also carotenogenetic enzymes. This phenomenon, termed catabolic repression, has been widely studied for its regulation of carotenogenesis in the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous [24].…”