Finding a needle in a chemical haystack: tip-enhanced Raman scattering for studying carbon nanotubes mixtures

Chan, K. L. Andrew; Kazarian, Sergei G.

doi:10.1088/0957-4484/21/44/445704

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Its high spatial resolution is realized by the confinement and enhancement of electromagnetic field at the tip apex of an atomic force microscope (AFM) or a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). It has long been believed that the resolution of TERS is limited by the spatial extent of localized surface plasmon (10-20 nm), which has been mostly consistent with reported experimental results [6][7][8][9][10] .…”

supporting

confidence: 87%

“…3c). Instead, CNT-1 shows some unusual splitting of the 2D-band in the middle portion (locations [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], where the lower energy modeðo À 2D Þ is particularly enhanced to be observable. Such splitting is not common for SWNT, and some cases related to defects have been reported with averaging over B25 nm of CNT by AFM-TERS 26,27 .…”

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confidence: 99%

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A 1.7 nm resolution chemical analysis of carbon nanotubes by tip-enhanced Raman imaging in the ambient

2014

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Surface morphology of materials is routinely analysed by an atomic force microscope and scanning tunneling microscope (STM) down to subnanometer precision. However, it is still challenging to investigate the surface chemistry simultaneously, which requires specific capability of force or tunneling spectroscopy in ultrahigh vacuum environment and liquid Helium temperature. Here we demonstrate the simultaneous chemical and structural analysis of individual carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by STM-based tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (STM-TERS) with 1.7 nm spatial resolution in the ambient. Raman contrast over different types of CNTs, local defects, diameters and bundling effect are all visualized in real space. Disengaging from ultrahigh vacuum and cryogenic environment, our ambient STM-TERS imaging is powerful in analysing local chemistry for CNTs and also suitable for analysing as-made and soft materials, which cannot be seen with general electron microscopy techniques.

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confidence: 87%

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confidence: 99%

A 1.7 nm resolution chemical analysis of carbon nanotubes by tip-enhanced Raman imaging in the ambient

2014

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“…The spectrometer is equipped with an APD (avalanche photodiode) for the imaging of scattered light from the tip and a liquid nitrogen‐cooled charge‐coupled device camera for Raman spectroscopy. So as not to induce physical degradation of the metallic grains that are relatively less resistive to heat because of small thermal dissipation, the input power is set to 50 μW for all the experiments …”

Section: System Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So as not to induce physical degradation of the metallic grains that are relatively less resistive to heat because of small thermal dissipation, the input power is set to 50 mW for all the experiments. [25] Sample preparation…”

Section: System Configurationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly reproducible tip‐enhanced Raman scattering using an oxidized and metallized silicon cantilever tip as a tool for everyone

Hayazawa

Yano

Kawata

2012

J Raman Spectroscopy

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We have successfully improved the reproducibility of tip‐enhancement effect on metallized silicon cantilever tips for characterization of carbon nanotubes. Plasmon resonance tuning relative to an excitation wavelength is crucial for efficient tip‐enhancement, which is accomplished by thermal oxidization and subsequent metallization of commercial silicon tips. Because of the change of the refractive index of the tip from silicon to silicon dioxide, the plasmon resonance of the silver‐coated tip is blue‐shifted showing an enormous enhancement at 532 nm excitation. Highly reproducible tips exhibit an enhancement factor of >100 with a 100% yield. Because the tips are fabricated from commercially available silicon cantilever tips in a simple and robust way, our approach provides an important step of ‘tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy for everyone’. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…Raman spectroscopy is a versatile tool for investigating the structural properties of graphitic materials and provides information on the degree of crystallinity, number of defects, and organization of carbon allotropes [202]. One of the most frequent applications of TERS is the characterization of carbon nanotubes, with a focus on singlewalled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) [202][203][204][205][206][207][208][209]. Less research has been reported on double-walled [210] or multiwalled carbon nanotubes [211].…”

Section: Carbon Allotropesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A matter of scale: from far‐field microscopy to near‐field nanoscopy

Schmidt

Kopf

Bründermann

2011

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Vibrational spectroscopy is a powerful analytical tool which provides chemical information about a sample without a priori knowledge. By combining vibrational spectroscopy with different microscopic techniques, scientists can visualize and characterize the chemical composition of a sample on length scales which cover many orders of magnitude; from far-field radiation used in microwave astronomy and Fourier transform infrared microscopy, to near-field scattering used in tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and scanning near-field optical or infrared microscopy. Here, various modern chemical mapping techniques are reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Also, a basic theoretical background is provided for each technique along with several illustrative examples.Figure 1 (online color at: www.lpr-journal.org) Schematic setup (left) of an IR microspectrometer in transmission mode. The optical path begins at the IR source, goes through the FTIR spectrometer, and is focused onto the sample by a Cassegrainian condenser. In transmission mode (center), the light passes through the sample and is collected by another Cassegrainian objective and focused onto a detector. In reflectance mode (right), the light is reflected off the sample and collected by the same Cassegrainian that illuminated the sample. The x-y-z sample stage positions the sample in the focus (z-direction) and raster scans it in x-y-directions.

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Finding a needle in a chemical haystack: tip-enhanced Raman scattering for studying carbon nanotubes mixtures

Cited by 20 publications

References 23 publications

A 1.7 nm resolution chemical analysis of carbon nanotubes by tip-enhanced Raman imaging in the ambient

A 1.7 nm resolution chemical analysis of carbon nanotubes by tip-enhanced Raman imaging in the ambient

Highly reproducible tip‐enhanced Raman scattering using an oxidized and metallized silicon cantilever tip as a tool for everyone

A matter of scale: from far‐field microscopy to near‐field nanoscopy

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