“…Maps, although initially patchy and speculative, were the major desideratum of colonial administrators and scientists. Just as the tributaries of the Ganges were the cartographic focus in Kumaon and Garhwal, those of the Brahmaputra were in the uplands around Assam (Simpson, 2023b). In both areas, forays out of riverine valleys and into the surrounding mountains were relatively infrequent and arduous and were couched in British visual and written representations as heroic undertakings.…”