Financing of sanitation services in the slums of Kampala and Dar es Salaam

Abstract

<p> <span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:;" "=""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This paper presents an assessment of the extent and conditions under which private financing </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">can be a realistic approach for sanitation in slums</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. It is based on a cross-sectional study comparing two slum communities in East Africa, where 250 households from Bwaise III in Kampala, Uganda and 379 households from Temeke in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania were interviewed in 2010. Also, 10 key-informant interviews and 8 focus group discussions were conducted in addition to field observations. Findings show that majority (85%) of households used unimproved, private-shared pit latrines. These privately owned latrines had many structural shortfalls besides poor operation and maintenance while the public latrines provided by third-party were structurally sound but were under-utilized in residential slum neighorhoods. This is attributed to the presence free or at least cheaper alternatives which the community members preferred instead of paying per-visit user-fees. For the few who were willing to pay, willingness to pay was positively associated with the presence of a facility User committee and having been sensitized. In this context, a combination of these factors made cost recovery as well as operation and maintenance very minimal. The poor status of privately owned shared pit latrines matched the limited income levels of households. Similarly, cost recovery for public facilities was dependent on the number of users who were willing to pay: the more the users, the more the cost recovery. A combination of private and public financing is thus ne</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">cessary to fund different but com</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">plementary aspects of sanitation in slums.</span></span> </p

Contextual investigation of factors affecting sludge accumulation rates in lined pit latrines within Kampala slum areas, Uganda

“…This is attributed to the fact that with more users there are more microbes in the pit latrine and hence more degradation taking place (Bakare, 2014). There are also more restriction on solid waste entry in public pit latrines since they are guarded, unlike the rentals and private pits (Isunju et al, 2013).…”

“…This number was chosen based on a 10% precision level at 95% confidence interval whilst taking into account the resources and time available for the study (Israel, 2013). Private pit latrines are those used by a single household; rental pit latrines have limited sharing among tenants and public pit latrines are used by more than 82 users per stance.…”

Modeling sludge accumulation rates in lined pit latrines in slum areas of Kampala City, Uganda

“…cholera and typhoid) outbreaks among the slum dwellers in Kampala (Kulabako et al, 2010). In addition, the pit latrines in the slum areas are few compared to the population, so it is not an unusual sight to have a pit latrine with many users (Isunju et al, 2013) and there is always vandalism of the locks on the pit latrines and so the number of people using the pit latrines is usually higher than that reported (personal observation in the field data collection).…”

“…The slum areas are unplanned informal settlements and with the exception of the public pit latrines that are built by the city authorities, the other pits are built with different construction designs and styles. The pits have very many users and most of them take on the solid waste disposal role as well (Isunju et al, 2013;MLHUD, 2008).…”

A Preliminary Investigation of the Potential Costs and Benefits of Rehabilitation of the Nakivubo Wetland, Kampala

“…Based on available information (Ministry of Health 2010) we estimated that some 12.6% of the population in the catchment would still require pit latrines, and 40% of the existing latrines need access to proper servicing. Using data from Isunju et al (2013), the costs of these were estimated to be about $1.15 million plus $0.67 million per year. Currently the collection and treatment of faecal sludge in Kampala is 43% or 390 m3 per day.…”