Financing marine conservation tourism: Governing entrance fees in Raja Ampat, Indonesia

Atmodjo, Ery; Lamers, Machiel; Mol, A.P.J.

doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2017.01.023

Cited by 37 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Additionally, it can decrease problems associated with the displacement of effort to outside areas by converting some of those fishers into tourism operators or aquaculture farmers. For example, in the Raja Ampat Marine Reserve system located in Indonesia, 30% of the user fees are directed to communities in the region for projects related to tourism development [ 13 ]. The remaining revenue is used for managing the marine reserves, including costs related with monitoring and enforcement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, even though we conservatively assumed that effort is going to remain constant, tourism activities in the reserve might in reality decrease fishing effort in outside areas. For example, in Raja Ampat—Indonesia, many locals that used to depend on fishing as their main source of revenue are transitioning to the tourism sector using user fee revenues to invest in local tourism infrastructure [ 13 ]. Additionally, increased tourism activities might influence local consumption of sustainable seafood and increase the price of locally harvested products, allowing reductions in catch without compromising total revenue generated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…hotels, restaurants). Collectively, these tourism benefits can be the main source of economic gains from many marine reserves worldwide [ 13 , 14 ]. To date, there is no clear framework to maximize these potential benefits through effective reserve design.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accounting for tourism benefits in marine reserve design

2017

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Marine reserve design often considers potential benefits to conservation and/or fisheries but typically ignores potential revenues generated through tourism. Since tourism can be the main source of economic benefits for many marine reserves worldwide, ignoring tourism objectives in the design process might lead to sub-optimal outcomes. To incorporate tourism benefits into marine reserve design, we develop a bioeconomic model that tracks tourism and fisheries revenues through time for different management options and location characteristics. Results from the model show that accounting for tourism benefits will ultimately motivate greater ocean protection. Our findings demonstrate that marine reserves are part of the optimal economic solution even in situations with optimal fisheries management and low tourism value relative to fisheries. The extent of optimal protection depends on specific location characteristics, such as tourism potential and other local amenities, and the species recreational divers care about. Additionally, as tourism value increases, optimal reserve area also increases. Finally, we demonstrate how tradeoffs between the two services depend on location attributes and management of the fishery outside marine reserve borders. Understanding when unavoidable tradeoffs will arise helps identify those situations where communities must choose between competing interests.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accounting for tourism benefits in marine reserve design

2017

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“…International and domestic tourists are driving demand for facilities such as liveaboard dive boats, resorts, and home stays, as well as broader infrastructure needed to support tourism. With tourism comes substantial revenue for the local economy (Atmodjo, Lamers, & Mol, 2017); however, there is increasing pressure on coastal ecosystems including: (a) high volumes of divers on coral reefs that can cause physical reef damage; (b) anchor damage from boats mooring over sensitive habitats; (c) increased fisheries demand for consumption by tourists; and (d) pollution and nutrient releases caused lack of infrastructure and poor waste management practices (Papilaya, Boli, & Nikijuluw, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bird's Head Seascape Marine Protected Area network—Preventing biodiversity and ecosystem service loss amidst rapid change in Papua, Indonesia

Purwanto

Andradi-Brown

Matualage

et al. 2021

Conservat Sci and Prac

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The Bird's Head Seascape (BHS), Papua, Indonesia is located within the epicenter of global marine biodiversity and has been the focus of recent conservation efforts to protect marine resources. Here, we provide an overview of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) progress in the BHS over the past decade, including establishment history, changes in management effectiveness and ecosystem health, as well as examining trends in tourism growth. While generally viewed as a conservation success story, we reflect on both successes and challenges in the BHS, identifying where we need to continue to improve and adapt in response to rapid economic and environmental change. As of 2020, BHS MPAs cover 5.1 million ha across 23 MPAs. As expected, management effectiveness is steadily increasing in BHS MPAs-although newer MPAs face Purwanto and Dominic A. Andradi-Brown should be considered joint first authors.

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“…Implementing a similar fee to residents would likely result in more social conflict with NPs' managers and should, in case of interest, be tackled with care and adequate local participation. An option to favour residents over visitors and compensate them for restrictions on land use would be either excluding them from the fee or having a discount rate for their access to the NP (Walpole et al 2001;Nyaupane et al2009;Atmodjo et al 2017). In some countries, only foreign visitors must pay to access PAs (Lindberg 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptions, attitudes and values of two key stakeholders on the oldest and newest Spanish national parks

Rodríguez‐Rodríguez

Ibarra

Echeverría

et al. 2017

Environ Dev Sustain

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Effective protected area (PA) conservation relies heavily on positive social perception, attitude and values, especially by the stakeholders most affected by PA regulations. Random samples of residents around (n = 401) and quota samples of visitors to (n = 542) two emblematic, environmentally similar National Parks (NPs) in Spain: Ordesa y Monte Perdido NP (Ordesa NP) and Sierra de Guadarrama NP (Guadarrama NP) were surveyed on their attitudes, perceptions and values using structured questionnaires. The results show similarities and differences between stakeholder groups and NPs. Most differences can be explained by the different geographic, historical and socioeconomic contexts. Residents near Guadarrama NP visited it less frequently, whereas non-residents visited the NP more frequently than Ordesa NP. Residents' and visitors' perception on the conservation state was better for Ordesa NP than for Guadarrama NP. The main perceived threats by both groups were wildfires, massive visitation and insufficient environmental awareness. Local participation in management was deemed improvable in both NPs. Stated importance on both NPs was similarly high for both stakeholder groups. Half of residents and over two-thirds of visitors to both NPs were willing to pay an entrance fee. A daily fee of 3 € per person would be acceptable to most. Willingness to pay (WTP) was negatively correlated with 'frequency of visits' in Guadarrama NP. WTP increased substantially with measures that ensure equity, transparency and accountability. These results present PA managers with updated key stakeholders' attitudes and perceptions, and provide a feasible alternative to regulate massive visitation and enhance financial sustainability of Spanish NPs.

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Financing marine conservation tourism: Governing entrance fees in Raja Ampat, Indonesia

Cited by 37 publications

References 27 publications

Accounting for tourism benefits in marine reserve design

Accounting for tourism benefits in marine reserve design

The Bird's Head Seascape Marine Protected Area network—Preventing biodiversity and ecosystem service loss amidst rapid change in Papua, Indonesia

Perceptions, attitudes and values of two key stakeholders on the oldest and newest Spanish national parks

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