Financing local governments in times of recession

Toward Achieving Local Sustainable Development: Market-Based Instruments (MBIs) for Localizing UN Sustainable Development Goals

“…Although many price-based instruments were found also applicable locally, they are mainly user fee/charges and subsidies due to the limitations in the local legislative power and authority [64]. This also contributes to the lack of implementable rights-based instruments from the local governments since the legislative powers of Canadian municipalities are on the weaker side of the continuum of local empowerment [66]. Hence, this study verifies the MBIs existing at the local level and identifies higher-level MBIs that are also applicable to the local level.…”

“…The extent of usability and relevance of the MBIs will depend on the legislative law systems of the local government and the relationships of power with the state. The range of MBIs for implementation will be more restrictive for those communities that are fully dependent on the state compared to those with full autonomy and legislative power [66]. Nonetheless, the MBIs under this novel categorization will be applicable in other countries with the caveat that the legislative jurisdictions have to be considered for implementation.…”

“…Thus, the province controls the extent of power of municipalities and delegates the roles and responsibilities of local governments [65]. Most of the municipalities in Canada, with the exception of a few chartered cities, are second along the continuum of local empowerment (from weakest the strongest) [66]. Canadian municipalities are further along the continuum when compared to cities that lack any independent existence but have much less autonomy and power compared to those with extensive legislative powers to act in local affairs or even their own constitutions [66].…”

“…Most of the municipalities in Canada, with the exception of a few chartered cities, are second along the continuum of local empowerment (from weakest the strongest) [66]. Canadian municipalities are further along the continuum when compared to cities that lack any independent existence but have much less autonomy and power compared to those with extensive legislative powers to act in local affairs or even their own constitutions [66]. In Ontario, Canada, municipalities are responsible for water and sewage, residential waste collection, transportation and housing, utilities, public health and safety, social and welfare services, recreation and community amenities, and planning and development [64,67].…”