“…A first strand of the literature relies on a two-step approach: an event-study, typically conducted at high frequency 3 , is first used to estimate the impact of policy interventions on a financial variable (typically a long-term rate), then plugged in an estimated macroeconomic model to derive their impact on prices and output. Examples of this approach include for instance Chung, Laforte, Reifschneider, andWilliams (2011), Baumeister andBenati (2013) and Liu, Theodoridis, Mumtaz, and Zanetti (2019) in the U.S., and Altavilla, Giannone, and Lenza (2016), Lhuissier (2017) and Rostagno, Altavilla, Carboni, Lemke, Motto, Saint Guilhem, and Yiangou (2019) in the context of the euro area. This strategy crucially relies for the identification on the interpretation of high frequency changes in the price of market instruments around policy announcements, which can raise its own questions (see, for instance, Wright (2019) on the identification of APP, Andrade and Ferroni (2020) and Miranda-Agrippino and Ricco (forthcoming) on whether these changes are really unpredictable, and Swanson (2020) on the interpretation of high frequency surprises).…”