“…Most of the previous studies utilize various measures to assess the degree of global and regional integration of both advanced and emerging economies. For example, some studies analyse stock data to measure the extent to which developed and developing economies are globally and regionally integrated (e.g., Goldberg & Delgado, 2001;Edison et al, 2002;Barari, 2004;Jawadi et al, 2009;Coudert et al, 2015). Other studies employ consumption risk sharing models to examine global vs regional integration (e.g., Kim et al, 2004Kim et al, , 2006Kim & Lee, 2008).…”