“…This is because in the countries with poor financial development, loans are mainly through real estate mortgages, which contributes to the decrease in financial market imperfections. This finding is consistent with the previous views of Shen (2013), Beck, Georgiadis, and Straub (2014), Mallick, Matousek, and Tzeremes (2016). In addition, some views argue that there is a positive impact of banking system development (which is measured through the ratio of the domestic credit to the private sector to GDP) on the REM, for example, in the studies by Bunda and Zorzi (2010) Hott (2011), Huang, Leung, andQu (2015), Shen, Lee, Wu, and Guo (2016).…”