“…Students in the independent study mode outperformed students in the TV lecture- In numerous comparative studies, students enrolled in PSI and independent study sections of courses have been shown to score higher on course examinations than students in the lecture sections of the course (Born et al, 1972;Cooper and Greiner, 1971;Hartnett and Stewart, 1966;Hastings, 1972;Jacko, 1974;Johnston and Pennypacker, 1971;McMichael and Corey, 1969;Moore, Hauck, and Gagne, 1973;Morris and Kimbrell, 1972;Sheppard and MacDermot, 1970).…”