Filtration Efficiencies of Nanoscale Aerosol by Cloth Mask Materials Used to Slow the Spread of SARS-CoV-2

Zangmeister, Christopher D.; Radney, James G.; Vicenzi, Edward P.; Weaver, Jamie L.

doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c05025

Cited by 242 publications

(341 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(147 reference statements)

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“…[21] finds similar risk reductions for the combination of mask-wearing and social distancing. Because mask-wearing is modeled as universal (every simulated interaction is between two masked individuals), this 50% reduction can be understood as broadly capturing both the ability of masks to trap virus-laden droplets expelled by the infected as well as particle filtration effects which benefit the susceptible [22] . We assume that on the first day of classes,

of the community has already obtained immunity (and hence reside in the R state).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating COVID-19 in a university environment

Gressman

Peck

2020

Mathematical Biosciences

101

133

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Residential colleges and universities face unique challenges in providing in-person instruction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Administrators are currently faced with decisions about whether to open during the pandemic and what modifications of their normal operations might be necessary to protect students, faculty and staff. There is little information, however, on what measures are likely to be most effective and whether existing interventions could contain the spread of an outbreak on campus. We develop a full-scale stochastic agent-based model to determine whether in-person instruction could safely continue during the pandemic and evaluate the necessity of various interventions. Simulation results indicate that large scale randomized testing, contact-tracing, and quarantining are important components of a successful strategy for containing campus outbreaks. High test specificity is critical for keeping the size of the quarantine population manageable. Moving the largest classes online is also crucial for controlling both the size of outbreaks and the number of students in quarantine. Increased residential exposure can significantly impact the size of an outbreak, but it is likely more important to control non-residential social exposure among students. Finally, necessarily high quarantine rates even in controlled outbreaks imply significant absenteeism, indicating a need to plan for remote instruction of quarantined students.

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of the community has already obtained immunity (and hence reside in the R state).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulating COVID-19 in a university environment

Gressman

Peck

2020

Mathematical Biosciences

101

133

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…for fire-fighting use). Factors influencing filtration ability include the material, structure (e.g., knit, woven or fused), number of layers, shape (surgical style, conical, or duckbill), and facial fit (10). Well-fitted respirators are required to achieve >95% filtration of aerosols under standardized testing conditions.…”

Section: Mask Filtration and Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Face Masks and the Cardiorespiratory Response to Physical Activity in Health and Disease

Hopkins¹,

et al. 2021

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To minimize transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the novel coronavirus responsible for coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization recommend wearing face masks in public. Some have expressed concern that these may affect the cardiopulmonary system by increasing the work of breathing, altering pulmonary gas exchange and increasing dyspnea, especially during physical activity. These concerns have been derived largely from studies evaluating devices intentionally designed to severely affect respiratory mechanics and gas exchange. We review the literature on the effects of various face masks and respirators on the respiratory system during physical activity using data from several models: cloth face coverings and surgical masks, N95 respirators, industrial respirators, and applied highly resistive or high–dead space respiratory loads. Overall, the available data suggest that although dyspnea may be increased and alter perceived effort with activity, the effects on work of breathing, blood gases, and other physiological parameters imposed by face masks during physical activity are small, often too small to be detected, even during very heavy exercise. There is no current evidence to support sex-based or age-based differences in the physiological responses to exercise while wearing a face mask. Although the available data suggest that negative effects of using cloth or surgical face masks during physical activity in healthy individuals are negligible and unlikely to impact exercise tolerance significantly, for some individuals with severe cardiopulmonary disease, any added resistance and/or minor changes in blood gases may evoke considerably more dyspnea and, thus, affect exercise capacity.

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“…When paired with recent studies looking at differences in droplet penetration and fluid resistance [17,37,38], suggesting more accessible techniques may provide further opportunities for material analysis. During the current pandemic, though, de novo development of filtration efficiency measurement setups has been limited largely to national labs [39,40].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of filtration efficiencies of healthcare and consumer materials using modified respirator fit tester setup

et al. 2020

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During the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic there is unprecedented demand for personal protective equipment (PPE), especially N95 respirators and surgical masks. The ability of SARS-CoV-2 to be transmitted via respiratory droplets from asymptomatic individuals has necessitated increased usage of both N95 respirators in the healthcare setting and masks (both surgical and homemade) in public spaces. These precautions rely on two fundamental principles of transmission prevention: particle filtration and droplet containment. The former is the focus of NIOSH N95 testing guidelines, and the latter is an FDA guideline for respirators and surgical masks. While studies have investigated droplet containment to provide guidance for homemade mask production, limited work has been done to characterize the filtration efficiency (FE) of materials used in home mask making. In this work, we demonstrate the low-cost (<$300) conversion of standard equipment used to fittest respirators in hospital and industrial settings into a setup that measures quantitative FEs of materials based on NIOSH N95 guidelines, and subsequently measure FEs of materials found in healthcare and consumer spaces. These materials demonstrate significant variability in filtration characteristics, even for visually similar materials. We demonstrate a FE of 96.49% and pressure drop of 25.4 mmH 2 0 for a double-layer of sterilization wrap used in surgical suites and a FE of 90.37% for a combination of consumer-grade materials. The excellent filtration characteristics of the former demonstrate potential utility for emergent situations when N95 respirators are not available, while those of the latter demonstrate that a high FE can be achieved using publicly available materials.

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Filtration Efficiencies of Nanoscale Aerosol by Cloth Mask Materials Used to Slow the Spread of SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 242 publications

References 53 publications

Simulating COVID-19 in a university environment

Simulating COVID-19 in a university environment

Face Masks and the Cardiorespiratory Response to Physical Activity in Health and Disease

Measurement of filtration efficiencies of healthcare and consumer materials using modified respirator fit tester setup

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