Filling One More Gap: Experimental Evidence of Horizontal Transmission of Vaccinia Virus Between Bovines and Rodents

D'Anunciação, Lorena; Guedes, Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho; Oliveira, Tércia Ludolfo; Rehfeld, Izabelle Silva; Bonjardim, Cláudio Antônio; Ferreira, Paulo P.; Trindade, Giliane de Souza; Lobato, Zélia Inês Portela; Kroon, Erna Geessien; Abrahão, Jônatas Santos

doi:10.1089/vbz.2011.0671

Cited by 16 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A hypothetical model of transmission proposed suggests that peridomestics rodents act as link between wild and domestic animals in rural [4,16,20]. This hypothetical model of transmission meets the reports of transmission of Cowpox from Rattus norvegicus or mice kept as a pet, for humans, domestic animals especially cats, and wildlife, in Europe.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

“…Accordingly, a serological study was conducted in areas with and without official VACV zoonotic outbreak, and the statistical analysis show low likelihood of wild rodents studied are acting as VACV reservoirs in this area [18]. Although, studies has demonstrated the possible of transmission of VACV from mice experimentally infected to cow [4,19,20]. But this interaction has not yet been proven in natural environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vaccinia Virus: It’s Use in Smallpox Vaccine and Epidemiology

Megid

2012

J Vaccines Vaccin

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Vaccinia Virus (VACV) was widely used in smallpox vaccines in Brazil during the world vaccination campaign of Word Health Organization. After ends of this campaign in Brazil in 1980, zoonotic Vaccinia outbreaks have been recorded in several regions of the country. Researches believed that the VACV used in the word vaccination campaign in Brazil was involved in the re-emergence of the disease. To analyze the similarity between the viruses isolated from outbreaks and those used during Smallpox eradication, phylogenetic analyzes of vaccines viruses were compared to VACV isolated in outbreaks, and the result obtained was that Brazilians VACV are not grouped with vaccines viruses. The origin of outbreaks remains unknown in Brazil, but the most accepted theory assumes that there is populations of VACV genetically diverse circulating in still unknown natural reservoirs, and according on biological and geographical conditions are transmitted to cows and human beings. There is little information about natural reservoirs of VACV. It is believed that some species of Rodent Order act as VACV natural reservoirs. Although, studies have demonstrated the possible of transmission of VACV from mice experimentally infected to cow, this interaction has not yet been proven in natural environment. There are two genetically distinct groups of VACV circulating in Brazil. Experimentally these two groups also differ biologically, but no difference in clinical signs was observed during outbreaks. This review analyzed VACV natural history and epidemiological studies conducted in the last years in Brazil.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccinia Virus: It’s Use in Smallpox Vaccine and Epidemiology

Megid

2012

J Vaccines Vaccin

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“…Experimental infection of cows with VACV resulted in viral spread in the feces , Rivetti Jr et al 2013. Mice exposition to VACV contaminated feces of cows resulted in virus DNA detection in blood and feces of mice, as well as neutralizing antibodies to VACV after 20 days post exposition, suggesting that exposure to bovine feces could be considered a risk factor for the spread of VACV (D' Anunciação et al 2012, Rivetti Jr et al 2013. Although some pathogenic aspects of the VACV experimental infection in cows has been recently studied (Rivetti Jr et al 2013), most of these studies lack a detailed characterization of pathological aspects of the bovine natural infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Outbreaks of vesicular disease caused by Vaccinia virus in dairy cattle from Goiás State, Brazil (2010-2012)

Sant’Ana

Leal²,

Rabelo³

et al. 2013

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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Pesq. Vet. Bras. 33 (7) Midwestern Brazil (2010, involving a total of 122 cows, 12 calves and 11 people. Dairy cows (3 to 9 years old) were affected in all cases and calves (2 to 9 months old) were affected in five outbreaks, presenting oral lesions. The morbidity ranged between 8 and 100% in cows, and 1.5 to 31% in calves. In the cows, the clinical signs started with vesicles (2-7mm), painful and coalescent papules (3-8 mm), which resulted in ulcers (5-25mm) and scabs in teats, and, occasionally, in the muzzle. The clinical course lasted from 16 to 26 days. The histopathology of bovine skin samples revealed superficial perivascular inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, macrophages and multifocal areas of acanthosis, spongiosis, hipergranulosis and parakeratotic or orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis with adjacent focally extensive ulcers. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies were noted in the cytoplasm of the keratinocytes. PCR to vgf gene of Orthopoxvirus was positive in samples collected from all outbreaks, and in some cases, genomic VACV sequences were identified by nucleotide sequencing of the PCR amplicons. Infectious virus was isolated in cell culture from scabs from one outbreak. Antibodies to Orthopoxvirus were detected in at least 3 or 4 animals in most outbreaks, by ELISA (outbreaks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7) or virus-neutralization (outbreak 6). Neutralizing titers ranging from 8 to 64 in outbreak 6. In all outbreaks, VACV infection was suspected based on the clinical and pathological findings and it was confirmed by laboratory tests. Upon the etiological confirmation, other agents associated with vesicular disease were discarded. In all outbreaks, at least one milker who handled the affected cows developed malaise, headache, fever, painful vesico-pustular lesions mainly in the hands, but also in the neck and nose. These results confirm the circulation of VACV in the region and call attention for a correct diagnosis and the adoption of prophylactic and control measures.

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“…To address whether bovine faeces could be a source of VACV transmission to rodents, a potential reservoir of VACV (Abrahão et al., ), another study was performed by our group (D′Anunciação et al., ). In that study, it was showed that Balb/c mice exposed during 20 days to faeces of experimentally infected cows from the present study had VACV DNA amplified from faeces and blood samples collected from these mice, for several days post‐initial exposition.…”

Section: The Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection ofVaccinia Virusin Blood and Faeces of Experimentally Infected Cows

Guedes

Rehfeld

Oliveira

et al. 2012

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Bovine vaccinia (BV), a zoonosis caused by Vaccinia virus (VACV), affects dairy cattle and milkers, causing economic, veterinary and human health impacts. Despite such impacts, there are no experimental studies about the pathogenesis of BV in cows to assess whether there is a systemic spread of the virus and whether there are different ways of VACV shedding. Trying to answer some of these questions, a study was proposed using experimental inoculation of VACV in cows. All experimentally infected cows developed lesions compatible with VACV infection in cattle. Two of the six animals presented VACV DNA in blood and faecal samples, starting at the 2nd and the 3rd day post-infection (d.p.i.), respectively, and lasting until the 36th d.p.i., in an intermittent way. This study provides new evidence that VACV can be detected in blood and faeces of infected cows, suggesting that BV could be a systemic disease, and also bringing new information about the epidemiology and pathogenesis of BV.

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Filling One More Gap: Experimental Evidence of Horizontal Transmission of Vaccinia Virus Between Bovines and Rodents

Cited by 16 publications

References 15 publications

Vaccinia Virus: It’s Use in Smallpox Vaccine and Epidemiology

Vaccinia Virus: It’s Use in Smallpox Vaccine and Epidemiology

Outbreaks of vesicular disease caused by Vaccinia virus in dairy cattle from Goiás State, Brazil (2010-2012)

Detection ofVaccinia Virusin Blood and Faeces of Experimentally Infected Cows

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