Filling in the Gaps: Memory Implications for Inferring Missing Content in Graphic Narratives

Magliano, Joseph P.; Kopp, Kristopher; Higgs, Karyn; Rapp, David N.

doi:10.1080/0163853x.2015.1136870

Cited by 34 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The think-aloud and viewing time data converged to suggest that participants inferred the bridging events when their absence created a break in the narratives coherence (see also Cohn & Kutas, 2015;Cohn & Wittenberg, 2015), as is the case when reading texts that contain missing events (e.g., Clark, 1977;Singer & Halldorson, 1996). Magliano, Kopp, et al (2016) found similar effects of missing bridging events on picture viewing times, but also showed that inferring bridging events distorts memory for the visual content. That is, participants tended to falsely recognize the missing bridging event pictures as having been seen when they later took a recognition memory task in which they are asked to identify which pictures had been shown in the stories.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Magliano, Kopp, et al. () found similar effects of missing bridging events on picture viewing times, but also showed that inferring bridging events distorts memory for the visual content. That is, participants tended to falsely recognize the missing bridging event pictures as having been seen when they later took a recognition memory task in which they are asked to identify which pictures had been shown in the stories.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…In any narrative, it is impossible to convey all the events that make it up. This is just as true for visual narratives (e.g., comics, childrens picture stories; Cohn, 2013;Magliano, Kopp, Higgs, & Rapp, 2016;Magliano, Larson, Higgs, & Loschky, 2016) as it is for linguistically conveyed narratives (oral or written) (Clark, 1977). Take, for example, the two panels below from Fantoman (Gustavson, 1939) shown in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Virtually all theories of narrative comprehension assume bridging inferences are critical for constructing a coherent event model for a narrative (McNamara & Magliano, 2009). One type of bridging inference involves inferring events that causally link explicit content (e.g., Clark, 1977;Magliano, Kopp, et al, 2016;Magliano, Larson, et al, 2016;Singer & Halldorson, 1996), which is illustrated in Fig. 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is less obvious whether the cognitive systems that support inference generation are similar across modalities (Loughlin et al, 2015;Magliano, Kopp, et al, 2016;Magliano, Larson, et al, 2016). Theories of narrative comprehension have traditionally emphasized the role of processes that are either constructive (e.g., causal reasoning; Graesser et al, 1994;Trabasso, van den Broek, & Suh, 1989) or memory-based (Kintsch, 1988(Kintsch, , 1998Singer & Halldorson, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding Moment‐to‐Moment Processing of Visual Narratives

2018

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What role do moment‐to‐moment comprehension processes play in visual attentional selection in picture stories? The current work uniquely tested the role of bridging inference generation processes on eye movements while participants viewed picture stories. Specific components of the Scene Perception and Event Comprehension Theory ( SPECT ) were tested. Bridging inference generation was induced by manipulating the presence of highly inferable actions embedded in picture stories. When inferable actions are missing, participants have increased viewing times for the immediately following critical image (Magliano, Larson, Higgs, & Loschky, 2016 ). This study used eye‐tracking to test competing hypotheses about the increased viewing time: (a) Computational Load : inference generation processes increase overall computational load, producing longer fixation durations; (b) Visual Search : inference generation processes guide eye‐movements to pick up inference‐relevant information, producing more fixations. Participants had similar fixation durations, but they made more fixations while generating inferences, with that process starting from the fifth fixation. A follow‐up hypothesis predicted that when generating inferences, participants fixate scene regions important for generating the inference. A separate group of participants rated the inferential‐relevance of regions in the critical images, and results showed that these inferentially relevant regions predicted differences in other viewers’ eye movements. Thus, viewers’ event models in working memory affect visual attentional selection while viewing visual narratives.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Understanding Moment‐to‐Moment Processing of Visual Narratives

2018

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Measurement of Memory

Shapiro

2020

The International Encyclopedia of Media Psychology

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Measuring memory is linked to theories of the processes and structures involved in memory, why something is remembered, and the goals of the study. Both the content and the structure of memory can be measured. Declarative memory is generally measured using recall and recognition measures. Signal detection measures of recognition memory enable adjusting for guessing and separating signal strength and judgment aspects of memory. Two measures of nondeclarative/implicit memory are discussed in this entry: judgment times and word completion tests.

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Psycholinguistic Studies of Literacy

Rapp¹,

McCrudden²

2023

The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics

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Our understandings of literacy experiences, with respect to both successes and challenges, have been usefully informed by psycholinguistic research. The current entry presents the utility of such approaches by highlighting work specifically examining the processes and products underlying reading experiences. We briefly review the ways in which goals and tasks guide reader attention to and memory for text, the types of inferences that readers construct to support their understandings, and the evaluative propensities readers adopt or may neglect to enact. Findings from this work provide important theoretical insights relevant to a host of models and accounts but importantly inform applications intended to support people's literacy practices.

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Filling in the Gaps: Memory Implications for Inferring Missing Content in Graphic Narratives

Cited by 34 publications

References 44 publications

Understanding Moment‐to‐Moment Processing of Visual Narratives

Understanding Moment‐to‐Moment Processing of Visual Narratives

Measurement of Memory

Psycholinguistic Studies of Literacy

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