Fillet Fish Fortified with Algal Extracts of Codium tomentosum and Actinotrichia fragilis, as a Potential Antibacterial and Antioxidant Food Supplement

Abstract

With respect to the potential natural resources in the marine environment, marine macroalgae or seaweeds are recognized to have health impacts. Two marine algae that are found in the Red Sea, Codium tomentosum (Green algae) and Actinotrichia fragilis (Red algae), were collected. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts of these algae were evaluated in vitro. Polyphenols from the extracts were determined using HPLC. Fillet fish was fortified with these algal extracts in an attempt to improve its nutritional value, and sensory evaluation was performed. The antibacterial effect of C. tomentosum extract was found to be superior to that of A. fragilis extract. Total phenolic contents of C. tomentosum and A. fragilis aqueous extract were 32.28 ± 1.63 mg/g and 19.96 ± 1.28 mg/g, respectively, while total flavonoid contents were 4.54 ± 1.48 mg/g and 3.86 ± 1.02 mg/g, respectively. Extract of C. tomentosum demonstrates the highest antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 75.32 ± 0.07 μg/mL. The IC50 of L-ascorbic acid as a positive control was 22.71 ± 0.03 μg/mL. The IC50 values for inhibiting proliferation on normal PBMC cells were 33.7 ± 1.02 µg/mL and 51.0 ± 1.14 µg/mL for C. tomentosum and A. fragilis, respectively. The results indicated that both algal aqueous extracts were safe, with low toxicity to normal cells. Interestingly, fillet fish fortified with C. tomentosum extract demonstrated the greatest overall acceptance score. These findings highlight the potential of these seaweed species for cultivation as a sustainable and safe source of therapeutic compounds for treating human and fish diseases, as well as effective food supplements and preservatives instead of chemical ones after performing in vivo assays.

Effect of silk fibroin microparticles on cellular immunity and liver of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) with and without experimental skin injuries

“…In fact, it has been reported that antioxidants could cause neutrophils to phagocytose C3‐opsonized pathogens more effectively by reducing the damage to their own membranes caused by free radicals created in the respiratory burst (Boxer, 1986). The silk microparticles used in our experiment have an antioxidant capacity similar or superior to that observed in other supplements capable of positively modulating immune capacity, such as plant extracts (García‐Beltrán et al, 2018, 2020b), algae extracts (Hafez et al, 2022) or yeast strains (Reyes‐Becerril et al, 2021) used in fish. In the articles, supplementation with antioxidants positively modulated the immune response in fish, increasing the parameters analysed, such as phagocytosis and respiratory burst (García‐Beltrán et al, 2018, 2020b; Hafez et al, 2022; Reyes‐Becerril et al, 2021).…”

Algae-Derived Natural Products in Diabetes and Its Complications—Current Advances and Future Prospects

“…Seaweeds are also rich sources of iodine, a vital mineral for thyroid function. The iodine extracted from seaweeds can be used in iodized salt and dietary supplements to address iodine deficiency [ 166 ].…”

Study of Actinotrichia fragilis Indonesian Red Seaweed as Raw Material for Healthy Salt

“…The FRAP and CUPRAC results are influenced by the presence of flavonoid compounds in the samples that can help the metal ions reduction process such as iron and copper (Benavente et al, 1997). Actinotrichia fragilis has total flavonoid content of 3.86±1.02 mg/g of extract (Abd El Hafez et al, 2022). The CUPRAC assay is highly efficient for glutathione and thiol types of antioxidants which cannot be detected in FRAP method (Apak et al, 2005).…”