File Compression and Expansion of the Genetic Code by the Use of the Yin/Yang Directions to Find its Sphered Cube

Abstract

Objective-The objective of this article is to demonstrate that the genetic code can be studied and represented in a 3-D Sphered Cube for bioinformatics and for education by using the graphical help of the ancient "Book of Changes" or I Ching for the comparison, pair by pair, of the three basic characteristics of nucleotides: H-bonds, molecular structure, and their tautomerism. Methods-The source of natural biodiversity is the high plasticity of the genetic code, analyzable with a reverse engineering of its 2-D and 3-D representations (here illustrated), but also through the classical 64-hexagrams of the ancient I Ching, as if they were the 64-codons or words of the genetic code. Results-In this article, the four elements of the Yin/Yang were found by correlating the 3×2=6 sets of Cartesian comparisons of the mentioned properties of nucleic acids, to the directionality of their resulting blocks of codons grouped according to their resulting amino acids and/or functions, integrating a 384-codon Sphered Cube whose function is illustrated by comparing six brain peptides and a promoter of osteoblasts from Humans versus Neanderthal, as well as to Negadi's work on the importance of the number 384 within the genetic code. Conclusions-Starting with the codon/anticodon correlation of Nirenberg, published in full here for the first time, and by studying the genetic code and its 3-D display, the buffers of reiteration within codons codifying for the same amino acid, displayed the two long (binary number one) and older Yin/Yang arrows that travel in opposite directions, mimicking the parental DNA strands, while annealing to the two younger and broken (binary number zero) Yin/Yang arrows, mimicking the new DNA strands; the graphic analysis of the of the genetic code and its plasticity was helpful to compare compatible sequences (human compatible to human versus neanderthal compatible to neanderthal), while further exploring the wondrous biodiversity of nature for educational purposes.

The Digram I Ching Genetic Code Compresses the Genetic Code into 24 Compatible Main Codons

“…These are 24 common symbols (= 384/16= 24, such as the hours of the day, twice the months of the year). Which amazingly is the same number obtained by the grouping of amino acids [2] even when the groups are different as presented here in the discussion; also, in the Appendices 1 and 2 we have the representations of the parameters of the C-rings and of the tautomerism as the other two alternatives for classification, in order to be able to integrate by using these tables the third dimensional coordinates X, Y, Z of the Cartesian graphics as demonstrated elsewhere when the 64-codon tables were used [2]. While, the resulting groupings and their representations are: The symbols belong only to the first two nucleotides (the most significant, as the third one has to do more with the regulation of transcription [3]);…”

“…Also Pethoukhov reiterates time after time that the Chinese did not know the genetic code; in my case I agree with that, but I understand by my biblical studies that such knowledge was a pre-flood knowledge that after the flood was lost, that could explain all the gigantic mammals of that time that were not chosen to survive. file compression obtained by grouping the amino acids according to their common close proximity presented in [2], and the ones presented here based on the codons according to their frequency of hydrogen bonds are the next ones: In the Figure 5 we have the key for some of 3-D models of it, as it will be similar to the Fig. 13 of reference [2].…”

“…file compression obtained by grouping the amino acids according to their common close proximity presented in [2], and the ones presented here based on the codons according to their frequency of hydrogen bonds are the next ones: In the Figure 5 we have the key for some of 3-D models of it, as it will be similar to the Fig. 13 of reference [2]. To do a backwards exercise, here you can see the transformation of the compressed genetic code represented as 12 groups reduced plus the stop codon as it can be represented in a 3-D tetrahedron way, again using the concept of the on an off switch, for the start and the end of the transcription, already presented in [10].…”

“…It has been possible in this article to reduce the genetic code to the two first nucleotides of each of its codons, obtaining a 24 sets representation of the genetic code, similar in number to the previously demonstrated grouping of amino acids by their common codons, as it was compared here in the discussion, being even more compressed my representations previously published of the icosahedrons for the point of view of the 20 amino acids (adding the stop signs as a switch within the same cell, being this at the side of the start Met; and talking about twenty, see Appendix 3 for a related count, but this time in the work of the Mexican literature) and even before the circle with the 12 groups compatible amino acids plus the stop signals = 13! (See the details there[2]), noticing that again, it was Pethoukhov who published a comparison between the language of genetics and that of literature ([9]in his case in the Russian language, but here in the multiples of three: 294 little drawings called vignettes that are mostly on the top of each fragment of the novel "The fair", by Arreola, and the adulteration of twenty of them by its editors).…”

Thymus Involvement in BALB/c mice Infected with Leishmania Amazonensis

“…Previously we have seen the properties of the genetic code behaving as a computational program in the defragging [1] and the file compression [2]. Our aim here is to expand this last concept by compressing the genetic code from the point of view of the codons and not as we did before, that was by taking into account the compatibility between amino acids, for that purpose, once more as before we will use the "I Ching" as our tool for research, with which we were able to diminish the code by resting from it 40 of its codons.…”