Filariasis Vulnerability Zonation Based on Environmental and Behavioural Aspects in Pekalongan City, Indonesia

Abstract

Pekalongan City is a filariasis endemic area in Central Java, Indonesia with Mf-rate >1%. It had held Mass Drug Administration (MDA) in 2011-2015. The evaluation result recommended it to re-hold MDA. This study aimed to compose filariasis vulnerability zonation based on environmental and behavioural aspects in Pekalongan City. The observed environmental aspects were the location of shrubs, cattle pen and tidal flood. The surveyed behavioural aspects were applicating mosquito repellent and hanging clothes habits. Filariasis cases data were collected from health office. This was a descriptive quantitative study with spatial approach. The environmental and behavioural aspects were observed and surveyed in 6 urban villages (38 RWs) with 387 households as samples which were chosen with proportional random sampling. The instruments were checklist sheets, Global Positioning System (GPS), satellite imagery and GIS software. Data were analysed with scoring, buffering and overlaying procedures. Results indicated some areas were categorized as highly vulnerable where shrubs, cattle pen, tidal flood and hanging clothes habit were present. It was concluded that all urban villages in this study had highly vulnerable RWs which are very potential for filariasis transmission. Applicating mosquito repellent habit was not potential aspect for controlling filariasis transmission in the studied areas.

Spatial Analysis of Lymphatic Filariasis Case and Mosquito Resting Place in Rural Area of Brebes Regency, Indonesia

“…The presence of cattle pens will attract more mosquitoes to come. It causes people who live in cattle pens surrounding have a higher risk to be bitten by mosquitoes and infected LF (Siwiendrayanti, Pawenang, Indarjo, et al, 2020). 3 patients were in a mosquito flight radius from a cattle pen, and 7 patients were in a mosquito flight radius from both unmaintained bushes and a cattle pen.…”

“…The rate of infective larval infection in the anopheles vector varies according to mosquito species and local conditions but is often around 0.1-5% for Adult mosquitoes need a certain site, called a resting place, to rest after and before biting for a blood meal. Previous studies found cattle pens, unmaintained bushes, and maintained bushes as important outdoor resting places for adult mosquitoes (Siwiendrayanti, Pawenang and Indarjo, 2017;Khikmah and Pawenang, 2018;Siwiendrayanti, Pawenang, Indarjo, et al, 2020). It is needed to identify what kind of resting place contributes more to LF distribution in rural areas in Brebes Regency.…”

“…Cattle pens and bushes are common resting places in the settlement of rural areas. Both before and after sucking blood, some species rest indoors (endophilic), while others rest outdoors (exophilic) in various shelters, such as among vegetation, in rodent burrows, in crevices and crevices in trees, in under bridges, in termite mounds, in caves and rock crevices, and crevices in the ground (Sapada, Anwar, C. and Priadi, 2015;Nurjazuli and Santjaka, 2020;Siwiendrayanti, Pawenang, Indarjo, et al, 2020).…”

Characteristics of the Home Environment Elementary School Students in the Filariasis Endemic Area, Pekalongan City

“…Nurjazuli's research in Pekalongan City in 2012 on filariasis prevention behavior by using a mosquito net while sleeping, the presence of house ventilation with mosquito netting, using mosquito repellent, not hanging clothes, and environmental management [12] [13]. Risk factors for vector presence in the house, environmental improvement , the existence of ditches, ditches, puddles, predators, livestock, bushes, water plants, rice fields and swamps [14] [15].…”

“…The age of school children is also the object of the prevention of filariasis / POMP which is carried out jointly by the Pekalongan City Health Office [15]. Implementation of the pre-Transmission Assessment Survey (TAS) and TAS-1 was carried out by the City of Pekalongan to complete the POMP during 5 rounds (5 times over a period of 5 years) in 2015; or declared not passing TAS-1, the POMP is re-carried out for 2 rounds (2 times within 2 years) which was carried out the last in 2018 [16].…”