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The considerable similarity in the early life stages of different fish species makes egg and larvae identification in fishery biology and ichthyoplankton surveys a difficult task. Knowledge on early larval development of morphologically similar taxa and species-rich orders, such as Clupeiformes, mainly in the Neotropical fresh waters is rather limited. The aim of the present study was to describe morphological and meristic aspects of the larvae and early juveniles of Anchoviella vaillanti, an endemic species of the São Francisco River basin in Brazil. The characterization was based on an ontogenetic series of 132 individuals (1.3-51.0 mm SL). In the larval period, body varies from elongated to very elongated and the head is small, which is typical of Clupeiformes. The finfold is present beginning in the yolk-sac stage, when larvae have a large yolk sac, until the flexion stage. Pectoral fin buds are the first to form during the preflexion stage, when dorsal-and anal-fin pterygiophores and hypural bones are first visible. The total vertebra count ranges from 36 to 39 and the myomere number ranges from 31 to 45. Complete fin formation obeys the following sequence: anal and dorsal fins during flexion stage; and pectoral, pelvic and caudal fins during postflexion stage. Despite being the only freshwater clupeiform representative in the São Francisco River, A. vaillanti may occur sympatrically with A. lepidentostole in the lower stretches of the river basin. Although early larvae characteristics of A. lepidentostole are not known, its late larvae and early juveniles may be distinguished from those of A. vaillanti, by the higher number of dorsal-fin rays (15 or 16 vs. 12 or 13 in A. vaillanti), higher total vertebra count (40 vs. 37 to 40) and shorter pre-pectoral length (14 to 16 vs. 22.8 to 28.9% SL).A grande semelhança entre larvas de diferentes espécies de peixes torna a identificação de ovos e larvas em estudos de biologia pesqueira e ecologia do ictioplâncton uma tarefa difícil. O conhecimento sobre o desenvolvimento inicial de táxons com grande similaridade morfológica no período larval e riqueza taxonômica, como Clupeiformes, em particular daqueles de água doce na região neotropical, é bastante limitado. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho contribui para a redução desta lacuna, através da descrição morfológica e merística de larvas e juvenis iniciais de Anchoviella vaillanti, espécie endêmica da bacia do rio São Francisco. A caracterização foi realizada a partir de uma série ontogênica de 132 indivíduos (1,3-51,0 mm CP). No período larval, o corpo varia de muito alongado a alongado e a cabeça é pequena, características de Clupeiformes. A nadadeira embrionária está presente desde o estágio larval vitelino, no qual as larvas apresentam um saco vitelino grande, até o estágio de flexão. Os botões das nadadeiras peitorais são os primeiros a surgir, no estágio de pré-flexão, quando surgem também os pterigióforos das nadadeiras dorsal, anal e os ossos hipurais. O número total de vértebras varia de 36 a 39 e de miômero...
The considerable similarity in the early life stages of different fish species makes egg and larvae identification in fishery biology and ichthyoplankton surveys a difficult task. Knowledge on early larval development of morphologically similar taxa and species-rich orders, such as Clupeiformes, mainly in the Neotropical fresh waters is rather limited. The aim of the present study was to describe morphological and meristic aspects of the larvae and early juveniles of Anchoviella vaillanti, an endemic species of the São Francisco River basin in Brazil. The characterization was based on an ontogenetic series of 132 individuals (1.3-51.0 mm SL). In the larval period, body varies from elongated to very elongated and the head is small, which is typical of Clupeiformes. The finfold is present beginning in the yolk-sac stage, when larvae have a large yolk sac, until the flexion stage. Pectoral fin buds are the first to form during the preflexion stage, when dorsal-and anal-fin pterygiophores and hypural bones are first visible. The total vertebra count ranges from 36 to 39 and the myomere number ranges from 31 to 45. Complete fin formation obeys the following sequence: anal and dorsal fins during flexion stage; and pectoral, pelvic and caudal fins during postflexion stage. Despite being the only freshwater clupeiform representative in the São Francisco River, A. vaillanti may occur sympatrically with A. lepidentostole in the lower stretches of the river basin. Although early larvae characteristics of A. lepidentostole are not known, its late larvae and early juveniles may be distinguished from those of A. vaillanti, by the higher number of dorsal-fin rays (15 or 16 vs. 12 or 13 in A. vaillanti), higher total vertebra count (40 vs. 37 to 40) and shorter pre-pectoral length (14 to 16 vs. 22.8 to 28.9% SL).A grande semelhança entre larvas de diferentes espécies de peixes torna a identificação de ovos e larvas em estudos de biologia pesqueira e ecologia do ictioplâncton uma tarefa difícil. O conhecimento sobre o desenvolvimento inicial de táxons com grande similaridade morfológica no período larval e riqueza taxonômica, como Clupeiformes, em particular daqueles de água doce na região neotropical, é bastante limitado. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho contribui para a redução desta lacuna, através da descrição morfológica e merística de larvas e juvenis iniciais de Anchoviella vaillanti, espécie endêmica da bacia do rio São Francisco. A caracterização foi realizada a partir de uma série ontogênica de 132 indivíduos (1,3-51,0 mm CP). No período larval, o corpo varia de muito alongado a alongado e a cabeça é pequena, características de Clupeiformes. A nadadeira embrionária está presente desde o estágio larval vitelino, no qual as larvas apresentam um saco vitelino grande, até o estágio de flexão. Os botões das nadadeiras peitorais são os primeiros a surgir, no estágio de pré-flexão, quando surgem também os pterigióforos das nadadeiras dorsal, anal e os ossos hipurais. O número total de vértebras varia de 36 a 39 e de miômero...
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