Figs and fig pollinators: evolutionary conflicts in a coevoled mutualism

Anstett, Marie‐Charlotte; Hossaert‐McKey, Martine; Kjellberg, Finn

doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(96)10064-1

Cited by 161 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The preferential utilization of ovaries close to the fig lumen for both pollinators and non-pollinators has been interpreted as selection for oviposition site, which allows better larvae development. Galls developing near the lumen could be less space-stressed and/or a better access to females within these galls for mating, as suggested by Anstett et al (1997). The use of the same pool of ovaries by pollinators and non-pollinators may be yet a reproductive strategy of the latter, since the fig tree could not develop a defence against a non-pollinating wasp without eliminating the pollinating larva (Bronstein 1991, West & Herre 1994.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Pollination and other biotic interactions in figs of Ficus eximia Schott (Moraceae)

2000

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-(Pollination and other biotic interactions in figs of Ficus eximia Schott (Moraceae)). During the period from 1992 to 1997, interactions of several organisms and Ficus eximia figs, a monoecious species, were studied in plants located in Campinas/SP and Londrina/PR (Brazil). Ficus eximia is pollinated by a single fig wasp species, Pegoscapus sp. (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae, Agaoninae), but also visited by other 14 non-pollinating wasps (Agaonidae, Eurytomidae, Torymidae). Mites (Tarsonemidae), nematodes (Diplogasteridae) and fungi which use the body of the pollinating fig wasp to disperse themselves were also observed.RESUMO -(Polinização e outras interações bióticas em sicônios de Ficus eximia Schott (Moraceae)). Durante o período de 1992 a 1997, as interações de vários organismos e figos de Ficus eximia, uma espécie monóica, foram estudadas em plantas localizadas em Campinas/SP e Londrina/PR (Brasil). Ficus eximia é polinizada por uma única espécie de vespa de figo, Pegoscapus sp. (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae, Agaoninae), e associada a outras 14 espécies de vespas não-polinizadoras (Agaonidae, Eurytomidae, Torymidae). Ácaros (Tarsonemidae), nematóides (Diplogasteridae) e fungos, os quais utilizam o corpo da vespa polinizadora para se dispersarem, foram também observados.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Pollination and other biotic interactions in figs of Ficus eximia Schott (Moraceae)

2000

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“…Similarly, molecular estimates suggest that the actual age of the yucca^yucca moth mutualism (40 Myr) substantially pre-dates the fossil evidence of the host plant (14 Myr) (Pellmyr & Leebens-Mack 1999). The longevity of these obligate plant^insect associations emphasizes the fact that mutualisms, even those with clear con£icts of interest, can nonetheless be evolutionarily stable over vast expanses of time (Anstett et al 1997;Herre & West 1997;Herre et al 1999). In the case of ¢gs and ¢g wasps, those con£icts appear to have led to fairly distinct outcomes that hold distinct advantages and disadvantages for each partner.…”

Section: (B) Historical Biogeography Of the Mutualismmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In particular, in cases of high host ¢g density and foundress number, the specialization in sexual function that is characteristic of dioecy may be favoured by those con£icts (Herre 1989;Anstett et al 1997). Therefore, many aspects of dioecy appear favourable for the ¢g, while a monoecious breeding system generally appears more favourable for the wasp.…”

Section: (B) Historical Biogeography Of the Mutualismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, if the foundresses enter a`female' in£orescence, they realize ¢tness for their natal tree by pollinating £owers that will develop seeds, but do not reproduce themselves. Alternatively, if individual foundresses enter a`male' in£or-escence, they are able to reproduce themselves, yet will produce no seeds with the pollen of their natal tree (Wiebes 1979;Kjellberg et al 1987;Grafen & Godfray 1991;Anstett et al 1997;Patel & Hossaert-McKey 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phylogenetic relationships, historical biogeography and character evolution of fig-pollinating wasps

Machado

Jousselin

Kjellberg

et al. 2001

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

235

278

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Nucleotide sequences from the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene were used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among 15 genera of ¢g-pollinating wasps. We present evidence supporting broad-level cocladogenesis with respect to most but not all of the corresponding groups of ¢gs. Using fossil evidence for calibrating a molecular clock for these data, we estimated the origin of the ¢g^wasp mutualism to have occurred ca. 90 million years ago. The estimated divergence times among the pollinator genera and their current geographical distributions corresponded well with several features of the break-up of the southern continents during the Late Cretaceous period. We then explored the evolutionary trajectories of two characteristics that hold profound consequences for both partners in the mutualism: the breeding system of the host (monoecious or dioecious) and pollination behaviour of the wasp (passive or active). The ¢gŵ asp mutualism exhibits extraordinarily long-term evolutionary stability despite clearly identi¢able con£icts of interest between the interactors, which are re£ected by the very distinct variations found on the basic mutualistic theme.

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“…Interaction and coevolution have probably been important during the radiations of plant lineages and their insect herbivores, with plant chemistry playing a key role (Ehrlich and Raven 1964); however, strict sense cospeciation seems generally unlikely Mitter, 1990, 1998). More specific interactions occur between certain groups of plants and their pollinators and perhaps the two best-known cases are figs and fig wasps (Herre, 1996;Anstett et al, 1997) and yuccas and yucca moths (Pellmyr and Leebens-Mack, 1999). Both of these systems are mutualisms but also involve conflicts of interest, principally over whether female flowers nourish developing seeds or insect larvae.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Phylogenies of Fig Wasps: Partial Cocladogenesis of Pollinators and Parasites

Lopez-Vaamonde

Rasplus

Weiblen

et al. 2001

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

102

123

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Figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae) and their pollinating wasps form an obligate mutualism, which has long been considered a classic case of coevolution and cospeciation. Figs are also exploited by several clades of nonpollinating wasps, which are parasites of the mutualism and whose patterns of speciation have received little attention. We used data from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA regions to estimate the phylogenies of 20 species of Pleistodontes pollinating wasps and 16 species of Sycoscapter nonpollinating wasps associated with Ficus species in the section Malvanthera. We compare the phylogenies of 15 matched Pleistodontes/Sycoscapter species pairs and show that the level of cospeciation is significantly greater than that expected by chance. Our estimates of the maximum level of cospeciation (50 to 64% of nodes) are very similar to those obtained in other recent studies of coevolved parasitic and mutualistic associations. However, we also show that there is not perfect congruence of pollinator and parasite phylogenies (for any substantial clade) and argue that host plant switching is likely to be less constrained for Sycoscapter parasites than for Pleistodontes pollinators. There is perfect correspondence between two terminal clades of two sister species in the respective phylogenies, and rates of molecular evolution in these pairs are similar.

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Figs and fig pollinators: evolutionary conflicts in a coevoled mutualism

Cited by 161 publications

References 43 publications

Pollination and other biotic interactions in figs of Ficus eximia Schott (Moraceae)

Pollination and other biotic interactions in figs of Ficus eximia Schott (Moraceae)

Phylogenetic relationships, historical biogeography and character evolution of fig-pollinating wasps

Molecular Phylogenies of Fig Wasps: Partial Cocladogenesis of Pollinators and Parasites

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