FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: Adjunctive technologies

Non-reassuring fetal status: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data

“…The NICHD guidelines are limited in defining fetal status in all settings as they are only intended for use with CTG. A second important set of guidelines, more applicable to all settings was first introduced by FIGO in 1986 and was updated in 2015 [17], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26]. The FIGO guidelines are the only guidelines with broad international consensus, and are simplified, with less emphasis on decelerations compared to the NICHD guidelines when evaluating CTG tracings.…”

“…Fetal blood sampling allows analysis of pH, lactate concentrations, partial pressure oxygen ( p O 2 ) and carbon dioxide ( p CO 2 ) from which base excess is calculated (BE). Fetal blood pH less than or equal to 7.20, p O 2  > 65 mmHg, and BE > −9.8, and lactate >4.8 mmol/L indicate metabolic acidosis requiring intervention to restore adequate oxygen supply to the fetus [26], [35], [36]. Fetal blood sampling is problematic in diagnosing non-reassuring fetal status for several reasons.…”

A cross‐sectional comparison of three guidelines for intrapartum cardiotocography

“…Irrespective of the system used, there is poor reliability and reproducibility, which could lead to inappropriate interventions and possible adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes . Although adjunctive technologies are available to aid interpretation, barriers to their use (resources and training required; uncertainty about adverse events) suggest that cardiotocography is likely to remain a standalone tool for the foreseeable future . Therefore, it is important that the interpretation of cardiotocography is improved by standardizing the system used and eliminating variation in clinical practice.…”

A Phonocardiographic-Based Fiber-Optic Sensor and Adaptive Filtering System for Noninvasive Continuous Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring

“…For example, fetal echocardiography (fECHO) is used for diagnosis of congenital heart defects (20th–23rd week of pregnancy), and cardiotocography (CTG) simultaneously measures fetal heartbeat and maternal uterine contractions [7,8,9,10]. The current CTG technology is well advanced and it is a routine part of modern obstetrics in all developed countries.…”