Fighting bacterial resistance: approaches, challenges, and opportunities in the search for new antibiotics.Part 1. Antibiotics used in clinical practice: mechanisms of action and the development of bacterial resistance

Abstract

Hundreds of thousands of people are dying every year in the world from infections caused by drug resistant bacteria. Antibiotic resistance is a rapidly increasing problem mostly as a result of the worldwide overuse and misuse of antibiotics for conditions that do not require them. The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance in bacteria makes it necessary to intensify the development of new antibiotics and new methods to combat drug resistant bacteria. The goal of this publication is to review the approaches to finding new antibiotics that are active against drug resistant bacteria. The first part of this review is focused on an analysis of the mechanisms of action of antibiotics that are used in clinical practice as well as the mechanisms of bacterial resistance. The molecular structure and modes of action of these antibiotics are reviewed with examples of detailed mechanisms of drugs interaction with the targets in bacteria. General and specific mechanisms of bacterial resistance to these antibiotics are described. Examples of new antibiotics development active against the drug resistant bacteria are presented.

Проблема Бактериальных Осложнений При Респираторных Вирусных Инфекциях

“…Более того, развитие резистентности бактери-альной флоры к современным антибиотикам может обострить эту проблему при новой пандемии гриппа [30].…”

The problem of bacterial complications post respiratory viral infections

“…Therefore, despite the widespread introduction of seasonal influenza vaccines, antiviral drugs, and antibiotics, the problem of bacterial complications in the course of influenza has not ceased to be relevant. Moreover, due to the development of the bacterial flora resistance to modern antibiotics this problem could be exacerbated in the case of a new influenza pandemic [30].…”

Synthesis of Mutual Prodrugs of Secnidazole and Ciprofloxacin and study Their Physicochemical Properties

“…One approach to overcome the resistance problem is the synthesis of new and ingenious antimicrobial agents. The development of new agents can be achieved by the identification of novel antibiotics or by coupling two different antibiotic molecules to make it much more difficult for bacteria to develop resistance to these molecules (7) . Ciprofloxacin is classified as class 4 compound according to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), meaning that it possesses poor solubility as well as poor gastrointestinal permeability.…”