Fifty years of stacking

Improving resolution of NMO stack using shaping regularization

“…CMP stacking combines normal moveout (NMO)-corrected traces across a CMP gather to produce a single trace with a higher signal-to-noise ratio (Rashed, 2014). Many problems arise with the assumptions and principles that set the foundation for conventional NMO and stack.…”

“…Stacking is based on the assumption that useful signal is coherent, whereas noise is random. In real seismic data, coherent noise and noise bursts are common, causing inaccuracy in the conventional stack (Rashed, 2014). Traditional stacking also assumes that the NMO-corrected gather has perfectly aligned seismic reflections (Yilmaz, 2001).…”

“…Stacking combines normal moveout (NMO) corrected traces across a CMP gather to produce a single trace with a higher signal-to-noise ratio than that of individual traces within the gather (Rashed, 2014).…”

“…In seismic exploration, future challenges could involve collecting more data in order to discover new unconventional resources (Rashed, 2014). Furthermore, there is a constant demand for higher resolution and better quality images of the subsurface, where more information needs to be extracted from the data.…”

Extracting surface waves, hum and normal modes: time-scale phase-weighted stack and beyond

“…averaging) of a collection of traces (time series) is a ubiquitous method to improve SNR by combining coherent signals from many traces into a single trace, often at the expense of losing resolution. Seismic exploration has a long tradition introducing original stacking methods, see, for example, Rashed (2014) for an historical review on common-mid-point stacking. A key problem still facing many modern linear stacking methods is assigning a weight to each trace in the stack (or locally to each time sample) and rejecting the anomalous ones (due to, e.g.…”