“…Failing to control these testing conditions could have partially contributed to the spreading of results in the literature (Chatelin et al. 2010). Ageing does not seem to play a considerable role in the procedure.Fig.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…2012; Chatelin et al. 2010; Clayton et al. 2012) that showed white matter shear modulus to be 1.2–2.6 times higher than the one obtained for grey matter.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, due to the extreme complexity of the soft tissue and the wide range of experimental methods and protocols that have been used for its characterization, the results described in the literature often differ by orders of magnitude (Chatelin et al. 2010). …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, Chatelin et al. (2010) observed that the variation of results is also noticeable for a non-invasive in vivo technique such as MRE. Therefore, differences in testing protocols and conditions (when conducting in vitro testing) and/or equipment/transducers (in MRE) might be the principal cause of such a huge disparity in the results throughout the literature, also among similar species.…”
The mechanical characterization of brain tissue is a complex task that scientists have tried to accomplish for over 50 years. The results in the literature often differ by orders of magnitude because of the lack of a standard testing protocol. Different testing conditions (including humidity, temperature, strain rate), the methodology adopted, and the variety of the species analysed are all potential sources of discrepancies in the measurements. In this work, we present a rigorous experimental investigation on the mechanical properties of human brain, covering both grey and white matter. The influence of testing conditions is also shown and thoroughly discussed. The material characterization performed is finally adopted to provide inputs to a mathematical formulation suitable for numerical simulations of brain deformation during surgical procedures.
“…Failing to control these testing conditions could have partially contributed to the spreading of results in the literature (Chatelin et al. 2010). Ageing does not seem to play a considerable role in the procedure.Fig.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…2012; Chatelin et al. 2010; Clayton et al. 2012) that showed white matter shear modulus to be 1.2–2.6 times higher than the one obtained for grey matter.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, due to the extreme complexity of the soft tissue and the wide range of experimental methods and protocols that have been used for its characterization, the results described in the literature often differ by orders of magnitude (Chatelin et al. 2010). …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Moreover, Chatelin et al. (2010) observed that the variation of results is also noticeable for a non-invasive in vivo technique such as MRE. Therefore, differences in testing protocols and conditions (when conducting in vitro testing) and/or equipment/transducers (in MRE) might be the principal cause of such a huge disparity in the results throughout the literature, also among similar species.…”
The mechanical characterization of brain tissue is a complex task that scientists have tried to accomplish for over 50 years. The results in the literature often differ by orders of magnitude because of the lack of a standard testing protocol. Different testing conditions (including humidity, temperature, strain rate), the methodology adopted, and the variety of the species analysed are all potential sources of discrepancies in the measurements. In this work, we present a rigorous experimental investigation on the mechanical properties of human brain, covering both grey and white matter. The influence of testing conditions is also shown and thoroughly discussed. The material characterization performed is finally adopted to provide inputs to a mathematical formulation suitable for numerical simulations of brain deformation during surgical procedures.
“…In turn, the time-dependent apparent elasticity and viscosity follow the predictions outlined by the Maxwell fluid equations (Fig. 11), which may be important for developing a better understanding of the complex frequency dependence of neuronal rheological parameters in various experimental regimes [19]. …”
Axons are living systems that display highly dynamic changes in stiffness, viscosity, and internal stress. However, the mechanistic origin of these phenomenological properties remains elusive. Here we establish a computational mechanics model that interprets cellular-level characteristics as emergent properties from molecular-level events. We create an axon model of discrete microtubules, which are connected to neighboring microtubules via discrete crosslinking mechanisms that obey a set of simple rules. We explore two types of mechanisms: passive and active crosslinking. Our passive and active simulations suggest that the stiffness and viscosity of the axon increase linearly with the crosslink density, and that both are highly sensitive to the crosslink detachment and reattachment times. Our model explains how active crosslinking with dynein motors generates internal stresses and actively drives axon elongation. We anticipate that our model will allow us to probe a wide variety of molecular phenomena–both in isolation and in interaction–to explore emergent cellular-level features under physiological and pathological conditions.
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