Fifteen years of Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI-07) scale: Dataset compilation and insights from empirical regressions

Ferrario, Maria Francesca; Livio, Franz; Michetti, Alessandro Maria

doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2022.04.011

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…According to Guerrieri and Vittori (2007), the EMS-98 scale for macroseismic intensities and the ESI-07 scale for geological effects can be quite well correlated when working from grade IV to grade IX. This is consistent with Ferrario et al (2022), who verified the good correlation between the two scales and, also, recommended the combined use of EMS and ESI intensities when working with intensity fields. Since the maximum intensity values for the Dalías earthquake are lower than X and the spatial distribution of intensity data is irregular, we consider that the combined use of ESI and EMS intensities contributes to obtain scenarios which are more consistent with all the available data related to the release of seismic energy generated by the seismic source.…”

Section: Figure 12supporting

confidence: 90%

Constraining earthquake fault sources through the use of intensity data and seismic scenarios: application to the Betic Cordillera (South Spain)

De Pro-Díaz,

Perea,

Insua-Arévalo

et al. 2023

Front. Earth Sci.

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Macroseismic observations can be useful to study pre-instrumental earthquakes when paleoseismological analysis are not viable for various reasons (e.g., erosion or lack of sedimentation). The analysis of the distribution of the macroseismic intensity data points and the reports about geological effects has been shown as a tool that may provide meaningful information to localize the fault source of a historical earthquake. Using this approach, we have studied two earthquakes in the Betic Cordillera (South Spain), the 1804 Dalías and the 1680 Málaga events, and we have used the 2011 Lorca earthquake as a test subject to calibrate the methodologies. During the calibration process, we also find the best performing combination of ground-motion models and ground-motion-to-intensity-conversion equations for generating seismic scenarios in this area. Even though the results for the Málaga earthquake were not conclusive, our methodology successfully identified the most likely source for the Dalías earthquake: a conjunct rupture of the Loma del Viento and Llano del Águila Faults.

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Section: Figure 12supporting

confidence: 90%

Constraining earthquake fault sources through the use of intensity data and seismic scenarios: application to the Betic Cordillera (South Spain)

De Pro-Díaz,

Perea,

Insua-Arévalo

et al. 2023

Front. Earth Sci.

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“…Finally, Fig. 7d shows the distribution of ESI-07 epicentral intensity as a function of M w (Ferrario et al, 2021). The ESI-07 epicentral intensity is assigned based either on the dimension of the affected area or on the dimension of the biggest effects.…”

Section: Comparing the 2015 Sabah Case Study With Worldwide Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earthquake damage is usually assessed by means of macroseismic intensity, i.e., a classification of effects on humans, as well as the built and the natural environment (Cecić and Musson, 2004). Among the different intensity scales, the Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI-07) is the only one based exclusively on environmental effects (Michetti et al, 2004(Michetti et al, , 2007Serva et al, 2016;Ferrario et al, 2021). Landslides are one of such environmental effects and may be a significant cause of damage and casualties (Marano et al, 2010;Budimir et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Landslides triggered by the 2015 M_w 6.0 Sabah (Malaysia) earthquake: inventory and ESI-07 intensity assignment

Ferrario

2022

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. On 4 June 2015, a Mw 6.0 earthquake occurred in the Sabah region (Malaysia), triggering widespread landslides along the slopes of Mt. Kinabalu. Despite the moderate magnitude, the Sabah earthquake was very efficient in triggering landslides: here I provide an inventory containing 5198 slope movements, mapped in an 810 km2 wide area. I investigate earthquake intensity using the Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI-07) scale, which is a macroseismic scale based exclusively on earthquake environmental effects. The epicentral ESI-07 intensity is assessed at IX, considering the dimension of the area affected by secondary effects; such figure agrees well with a dataset of global earthquakes. I estimate the volume of individual landslides using area–volume scaling laws; then, I assign an ESI-07 intensity to each mapped landslide. I document that the selection of a given area–volume relation has a minor influence on the ESI-07 assignment. Then, I compare ESI-07 values to landslide density and areal percentage on a 1 km2 grid; such parameters are widely adopted in the description of earthquake-triggered landslide inventories. I argue that their integration with the ESI-07 scale may provide an effective way to compare earthquake damage on a variety of spatial and temporal scales. The methodological workflow illustrated here is useful in joining the scientific communities dealing with the development of earthquake-triggered landslide inventories and with ESI-07 assignment; I believe this effort is beneficial for both communities.

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Environmental effects following a seismic sequence: the 2019 Cotabato—Davao del Sur (Philippines) earthquakes

Ferrario,

Perez,

Dizon

et al. 2024

Nat Hazards

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In the period of October–December 2019, the Cotabato–Davao del Sur region (Philippines) was hit by a seismic sequence comprising four earthquakes with magnitude MW > 6.0 (EQ1-4; max magnitude MW 6.8). The earthquakes triggered widespread environmental effects, including landslides and liquefaction features. We documented such effects by means of field surveys, which we supplemented with landslide mapping from satellite images. Field surveys allowed us to gather information on 43 points after EQ1, 202 points after EQs2–3 and 87 points after EQ4. Additionally, we built a multi-temporal inventory of landslides from remote sensing, comprising 190 slope movements triggered by EQ1, 4737 after EQs2–3, and 5666 at the end of the sequence. We assigned an intensity value to each environmental effect using the environmental seismic intensity (ESI-07) scale. Our preferred estimates of ESI-07 epicentral intensity are VIII for the first earthquake and IX at the end of the sequence, which is in broad agreement with other events of similar magnitude globally. This study, which is the first case of the application of the ESI-07 scale to a seismic sequence in the Philippines, shows that repeated documentation of environmental damage and the evaluation of the progression through time may be useful for providing input data for derivative products, such as susceptibility assessment, evaluation of residual risk or investigation of the role played by ground shaking and by other mechanisms able to trigger environmental effects.

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Fifteen years of Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI-07) scale: Dataset compilation and insights from empirical regressions

Cited by 9 publications

References 72 publications

Constraining earthquake fault sources through the use of intensity data and seismic scenarios: application to the Betic Cordillera (South Spain)

Constraining earthquake fault sources through the use of intensity data and seismic scenarios: application to the Betic Cordillera (South Spain)

Landslides triggered by the 2015 M_w 6.0 Sabah (Malaysia) earthquake: inventory and ESI-07 intensity assignment

Environmental effects following a seismic sequence: the 2019 Cotabato—Davao del Sur (Philippines) earthquakes

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Fifteen years of Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI-07) scale: Dataset compilation and insights from empirical regressions

Cited by 9 publications

References 72 publications

Constraining earthquake fault sources through the use of intensity data and seismic scenarios: application to the Betic Cordillera (South Spain)

Constraining earthquake fault sources through the use of intensity data and seismic scenarios: application to the Betic Cordillera (South Spain)

Landslides triggered by the 2015 Mw 6.0 Sabah (Malaysia) earthquake: inventory and ESI-07 intensity assignment

Environmental effects following a seismic sequence: the 2019 Cotabato—Davao del Sur (Philippines) earthquakes

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Landslides triggered by the 2015 M_w 6.0 Sabah (Malaysia) earthquake: inventory and ESI-07 intensity assignment