Field Trials of Ethanol in Transit Buses

Particulate and Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Spray Guided Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine with Oxygenate Fuel Blends

“…Emissions of NO x and CO were also significantly reduced. Similar results were found by King and Prakash [3]. According to Black [4], the reduction in NO x emissions for methanol is due to the lower flame temperature, high heat of vaporization and fast flame speed.…”

“…Combustion of alcohols is also known to produce emissions of aldehydes, particularly formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, which are highly reactive in ozone formation. High formaldehyde emissions are mentioned in references [2][3][4], and also by Gardiner et. al.…”

Atmospheric Process Evaluation of Mobile Source Emissions

“…Among the institutions that have tested ethanol fuel vehicles are the Istanbul Technical University (Karaosmanoglu et al, 1993) and the AVL-List GmbH (Quissek et al, 1992). Chassis and engine dynamometer emissions test results are available for heavy-duty engines operating on ethanol (King and Prakash, 1992;Carroll et al, 1990;Bechtold et al, 1991). A summary of recent emissions tests of ethanol fuel vehicles is given in Table 2.2.…”

Heavy-duty emissions inventory and prediction

“…EPA Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule for Heavy Duty Vehicles (Test D)Other tests derived from actual vehicle data were the New York Bus cycle and New York Composite cycle as shown in figures 2-5, 2-7[EPA, 1978b]. These tests along with the Test D were used in Canada to compare diesel and ethanol bus emissions[King et al, 1992]. It was observed that the New York Bus cycle intended to simulate very low average speed driving operations in congested urban traffic produced fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions in g/mile twice that of any other cycle.…”

“…It was observed that the New York Bus cycle intended to simulate very low average speed driving operations in congested urban traffic produced fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions in g/mile twice that of any other cycle. It is understood that the cycle is applicable only to those cities that have a high degree of traffic density such as Tokyo or New York city[King et al, 1992]. WVU researchers developed the New YorkGarbage Truck cycle (NYGTC), figure 2-6, representative of the in-use refuse trucks [Clark et al, 1997].…”