Field Trial of Typhoid Vaccines

Cvjetanović, B

doi:10.2105/ajph.47.5.578

Cited by 22 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The difficulties involved in evaluating the usefulness of a particular vaccine is well illustrated in the case of human typhoid. Despite the mass of clinical and laboratory data on all cases and suspected contacts of typhoid fever, the value of typhoid vaccine has only recently been clearly established on statistical grounds (28,29). The experimental models used to assess the effectiveness of vaccines against S. typhi infections have, of necessity, employed highly artificial conditions in order to produce fatal infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection-Immunity in Experimental Salmonellosis

Collins

Mackaness

Blanden

1966

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

161

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Salmonella enteritidis is highly virulent for the mouse causing an infection resembling mouse typhoid. Survivors of the infection are completely resistant to reinfection and eliminate a large challenge dose of virulent organisms within 72 hr. The antigenically related Salmonella gallinarum was almost avirulent for the mouse but animals vaccinated with this organism were equally capable of eliminating a lethal dose of virulent S. enteritidis. Living Salmonella pullorum, on the other hand, was quickly eliminated from the tissues of normal mice. Vaccination with this organism failed to evoke an effective bactericidal mechanism. Alcohol-killed vaccines of these three Salmonellae all produced an increase in blood clearance rate, but gave only marginal protection against S. enteritidis. Liver and spleen counts on these mice revealed a 1 to 2 day delay before any net increase in the total bacterial population could be observed. Immunization of mice with increasing doses of living Salmonella montevideo resulted in progressively greater killing of a challenge dose of S. enteritidis despite the absence of common somatic antigens between the two strains. The degree of protection varied with the size of the residual population of S. montevideo in the vaccinated mice. The significance of these findings in assessing the importance of various factors involved in the development of acquired resistance to Salmonella infections is discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection-Immunity in Experimental Salmonellosis

Collins

Mackaness

Blanden

1966

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

161

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“…The recent field trials with typhoid vaccines carried out in Yugoslavia indicated that the heat-phenol vaccine employed may have been more protective than an alcoholized typhoid vaccine (Cvjetanovi6, 1957). Laboratory investigations revealed that the only definite difference between these vaccines was the greater stimulation of H antibody production in rabbits by heat-phenol vaccine (Edsall et al, 1959;Standfast, 1960a), although, when tested in humans, this difference was not marked (Yugoslav Typhoid Commission, 1957).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

H ANTIGEN OFSALMONELLA TYPHOSA

Tully

Gaines

1961

J Bacteriol

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“…The mere survival of a statistically significant proportion of a challenged population (16) overlooks the fact that most of the survivors will have undergone a severe, nearly fatal, clinical infection. When attention has been paid to this point [as in the case of human antityphoid trials (2)], the protective value of nonliving vaccines has been shown to be barely significant (10,34). In this laboratory, only those vaccination procedures which generate a fully effective antibacterial immunity capable of eliminating a lethal dose of a highly virulent organism without the development of the clinical disease have been regarded as "protective" (3,4,7,8,9,23).…”

Section: Ipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Specific Immune Mouse Serum on the Growth ofSalmonella enteritidisin Mice Preimmunized With Living or Ethyl Alcohol-killed Vaccines

Collins

1969

J Bacteriol

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The effect of prior opsonization of virulent Salmonella enteritidis on the growth of this organism in blood, liver, spleen, peritoneal cavity, and inguinal lymph node of specific pathogen-free mice prevaccinated with ethyl alcohol-killed S. enteritidis or living S. gallinarum was determined by daily enumeration. Both the vaccines and the challenge inocula were injected by the intravenous, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous routes to determine the effect of variations in the vaccinating procedure on the level of immunity induced. The survival percentage observed in mice vaccinated with killed organisms varied extensively, depending on the route of challenge. However, simultaneous organ enumeration studies revealed that vaccination with killed organisms failed to prevent the growth of the challenge organism in vivo. On the other hand, virulent S. enteritidis injected into mice vaccinated with living S: gallinarum failed to multiply and was subsequently eliminated. Immunity in these animals was so effective that a subcutaneously injected challenge did not spread beyond the regional node. Immunization with killed organisms slowed but was unable to prevent the spread of such a challenge beyond the draining node involved in the primary immune response. Neither the route of challenge nor the regimen used in the vaccination had any appreciable influence on the level of antibacterial immunity detected in the organs of the reticuloendothelial system at the time of challenge.

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Field Trial of Typhoid Vaccines

Cited by 22 publications

References 0 publications

Infection-Immunity in Experimental Salmonellosis

Infection-Immunity in Experimental Salmonellosis

H ANTIGEN OFSALMONELLA TYPHOSA

Effect of Specific Immune Mouse Serum on the Growth ofSalmonella enteritidisin Mice Preimmunized With Living or Ethyl Alcohol-killed Vaccines

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