Field Surveys and Evaluation of Native and Established Predators of the Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) in the Southeastern United States

Impact of Lambda-cyhalothrin on Intraguild Predation Among Three Mite Predators

“…Harmonia axyridis has also been documented in alfalfa (Buntin andBouton, 1997, Colunga-Garcia andGage, 1998), cotton (Wells et al, 2001), tobacco (Wells and McPherson, 1999), and winter wheat (Colunga-Garcia and Gage, 1998), where it may be contributing to biological control. However, on hemlock trees, the impact of H. axyridis and other predators on Adelges tsungae is considered negligible (Wallace and Hain, 2000).…”

Evaluating a potential area-wide IPM strategy for managing hemlock woolly adelgid in the eastern United States

“…By the 1980's, HWA populations rose to outbreak levels due to a lack of host tree resistance and the absence of any significant predators (Wallace andHain 2000, Havill andFoottit 2007).…”

Diversity, Vertical Stratification and Co-Occurrence Patterns of the Mycetophilid Community among Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière, in the Southern Appalachians

“…Eastern hemlocks are shade tolerant which contributes to high survivorship in the understory with as little as 5% of full sunlight [4]. The resulting deep dense canopy produces a complex habitat with gradients in light, temperature, moisture and foliage quality [5][6][7], thus, resulting in a unique community of over 400 species of insects found in association with eastern hemlock in the southern Appalachians (i.e., regions within AL, GA, MS, NC, SC, and TN, USA) [8][9][10][11][12]. These canopies form cool, moist microclimates contrasted to that present in hardwood stands of similar age within the same area [5,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”