Field survey of the 1994 Mindoro Island, Philippines tsunami

Imamura, Fumihiko; Synolakis, Costas E.; Gica, Edison; Titov, Vasily V.; Listanco, Eddie L.; Lee, Ho Jun

doi:10.1007/bf00874399

Cited by 46 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Large tsunamis following the Palu earthquake rapidly attracted the attention of the scientific community. Although strike‐slip earthquakes have caused historical (Imamura et al, ) and recent tsunamis (Hornbach et al, ), their amplitudes were much smaller than those observed around Palu Bay, where runups over 8 m were measured in field surveys (Figure d; Fritz et al, ; Muhari et al, ; Omira et al, ). This suggests that (i) despite its predominant strike‐slip mechanism, the earthquake was capable of producing significant, coseismic vertical deformation beneath the bay, (ii) that tsunami waves were largely amplified by the unusual bathymetric features of the long and narrow bay (Figure d), and/or (iii) that additional non‐tectonic sources contributed to tsunami generation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Nearly Instantaneous Tsunamis Following the Mw 7.5 2018 Palu Earthquake

Carvajal

Araya‐Cornejo

Sepúlveda

et al. 2019

Geophysical Research Letters

111

178

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The tsunami observations produced by the 2018 magnitude 7.5 Palu strike‐slip earthquake challenged the traditional basis underlying tsunami hazard assessments and early warning systems. We analyzed an extraordinary collection of 38 amateur and closed circuit television videos to show that the Palu tsunamis devastated widely separated coastal areas around Palu Bay within a few minutes after the mainshock and included wave periods shorter than 100 s missed by the local tide station. Although rupture models based on teleseismic and geodetic data predict up to 5‐m tsunami runups, they cannot explain the higher surveyed runups nor the tsunami waveforms reconstructed from video footage, suggesting either these underestimate actual seafloor deformation and/or that non‐tectonic sources were involved. Post‐tsunami coastline surveys combined with video evidence and modeled tsunami travel times suggest that submarine landslides contributed to tsunami generation. The video‐based observations have broad implications for tsunami hazard assessments, early warning systems, and risk‐reduction planning.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Nearly Instantaneous Tsunamis Following the Mw 7.5 2018 Palu Earthquake

Carvajal

Araya‐Cornejo

Sepúlveda

et al. 2019

Geophysical Research Letters

111

178

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“…The lower C stocks in Silonay as compared with other tropical locations may reflect the age of the forest as well as other environmental factors. The site is frequently affected by typhoons [7], which could contribute to the relatively shorter heights and lower biomass compared with the tropical mangroves of Indonesia. Severe typhoons in The Philippines are known to result in 60-80% reduction in biomass [16] compared to mangroves which are less exposed to typhoons.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The epicentre was located in Verde Island Passage, a strait separating mainland Luzon and the province of Mindoro [5]. The earthquake resulted in a fault slip from the offshore epicentre that extended into the inner Mindoro with 2 -3 m horizontal and vertical displacements and which generated 3 -4 m tsunami wave heights [6,7]. In Silonay, the local community observed at least 50 cm of uplifted sediments.…”

Section: Materials and Methods (A) Site Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Establishing rates of carbon sequestration in mangroves from an earthquake uplift event

et al. 2019

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A contribution to the special feature 'Blue Carbon' organized by Catherine Lovelock.Electronic supplementary material is available online at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare. c.4444169.We assessed the carbon stocks (CS) in mangroves that developed after a magnitude 7.1 earthquake in Silonay, Oriental Mindoro, south Luzon, The Philippines in November 1994. The earthquake resulted in a 50 cm uplift of sediment that provided new habitat within the upper intertidal zone which mangroves colonized (from less than 2 ha pre-earthquake to the current 45 ha, 23 years post-earthquake). The site provided an opportunity for a novel assessment of the rate of carbon sequestration in recently established mangroves. The carbon stock was measured in above-ground, belowground and sediment compartments over a seaward to landward transect. Results showed a mean carbon stock of 549 + 30 Mg C ha 21 (of which 13% was from the above-ground biomass, 5% from the below-ground biomass and 82% from the sediments). There was high carbon sequestration at a 40 cm depth that can be inferred attributable to the developed mangroves. The calculated rate of C sequestration (over 23 years post-earthquake) was 10.2 + 0.7 Mg C ha 21 yr 21 and is comparable to rates reported from mangroves recovering from forest clearing. The rates we present here from newly developed mangroves contributes to calibrating estimates of total CS from restored mangroves (of different developmental stages) and in mangroves that are affected by disturbances.

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“…The database covers a larger geographical area than the hazard study area displayed in Figure 1, with the source information depicted in Figure 4. This catalog is mainly based on databases of the National Geophysical Data Center (subsequently referred to as NGDC) and the Tsunami Laboratory Novosibirsk (subsequently referred to as TLN), supplemented with papers describing certain events [ Imamura et al , 1995; Natawidjaja et al , 2006; Ortiz and Bilham , 2003; Satake and Atwater , 2007]. Compared with an earlier review by Hamzah et al [2000], the present database is updated, covers a larger geographical area, and includes more events.…”

Section: Seismological and Tsunami Background And Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical tsunamis and present tsunami hazard in eastern Indonesia and the southern Philippines

Løvholt¹,

Kühn²,

Bungum³

et al. 2012

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] Eastern Indonesia and the southern Philippines comprise a huge and seismically highly active region that has received less than the deserved attention in tsunami research compared with the surrounding areas exposed to the major subduction zones. In an effort to redress the balance the tsunami hazard in this region is studied by establishing a tsunami event database which, in combination with seismological and tectonic information from the region, has allowed us to define and justify a number of 'credible worst-case' tsunami scenarios. These scenarios have been used in numerical simulations of tsunami generation and propagation to study maximum water level along potentially affected shorelines. The scenarios have in turn been combined to provide regional tsunami hazard maps. In many cases the simulations indicate that the maximum water level may exceed 10 m locally and even reach above 20 m in the vicinity of the source, which is of the same order as what is forecasted along the Sumatra and Java trenches for comparable return periods. For sections of coastlines close to a source, a tsunami may strike only a few minutes after it is generated, providing little time for warning. Moreover, several of the affected areas are highly populated and are therefore also high risk areas. The combination of high maximum water levels, short warning times, dense populations, and relatively short return periods suggests strongly that the tsunami hazard and risk in these regions are alarmingly high.

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Field survey of the 1994 Mindoro Island, Philippines tsunami

Cited by 46 publications

References 11 publications

Nearly Instantaneous Tsunamis Following the Mw 7.5 2018 Palu Earthquake

Nearly Instantaneous Tsunamis Following the Mw 7.5 2018 Palu Earthquake

Establishing rates of carbon sequestration in mangroves from an earthquake uplift event

Historical tsunamis and present tsunami hazard in eastern Indonesia and the southern Philippines

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