“…Each sensor has an initial length (k i , pm) and a constant strain sensitivity coefficient K s (in these tests 1.2 pm/le), so the wavelength change under loads is Dk s = (k i À k) and the axial strain is De = Dk s /K S . Zhu et al (2011) and Pei et al (2011) adhered FBG sensors on pregrooved GFRP soil nails to monitor the strain distribution during pullout tests. However, their method for the instruments installation was not easily implemented and could ruin the integrity of the specimens, affecting the results accuracy.…”