Field observations of the developing legal recreational cannabis economy in Washington State

Jensen, Eric L. N.; Roussell, Aaron

doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.02.023

Cited by 33 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Paralelamente fueron creciendo el número de licencias de establecimientos de venta y la competencia entre ellos. Como resultado, los precios del gramo de marihuana cayeron hasta poco más de 9 dólares en marzo de 2016, situándose muy cerca de los precios que tenía en el mercado ilegal (Jensen y Roussell, 2016; The Daily News in Longview, 2-01-2016). En menos de dos años el precio de la marihuana al por mayor para uso recreativo en Washington se redujo en dos tercios (Humphreys, 2016).…”

Section: Los Impuestos Sobre Los Productos Cannábicosunclassified

“…En EE.UU. parece que ha habido presiones de la industria legal del cannabis que han conseguido cambios legislativos y fiscales acordes con sus intereses, reduciendo los impuestos sobre sus productos (Jensen y Roussell, 2016;Subritzky, Pettigrew y Lenton, 2015). También se ha observado el desvío de marihuana legal desde Colorado a otros estados (Gurman, 2016;Hughes, 2016).…”

Section: Los Impuestos Sobre Los Productos Cannábicosunclassified

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La legalización de los derivados del cannabis en España: Hipótesis sobre un potencial mercado emergente

Álvarez¹,

Gamella²,

Parra³

2016

Adicciones

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First, this paper estimates the dimensions of the market for cannabis in Spain using data on the extent of consumption and the main patterns of use of consumers. Then the paper reviews the hypothetical production and distribution costs of these drugs in different production regimes under different legal conditions. The review shows that current prices of cannabis in the illegal market could be notably reduced if production and distribution of cannabis were decriminalized and even more if they were performed by legal enterprises. Thirdly, we examine the relationship between prices and consumption levels by analysing the price elasticity of demand. A fall in the prices of cannabis products will likely result in an increase in the number of users and in the total amount consumed. Lastly we consider several alternatives for the taxation of cannabis derivatives to counteract the likely fall in prices, and their pros and cons.

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Section: Los Impuestos Sobre Los Productos Cannábicosunclassified

La legalización de los derivados del cannabis en España: Hipótesis sobre un potencial mercado emergente

Álvarez¹,

Gamella²,

Parra³

2016

Adicciones

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“…Cannabis legalization in the United States has resulted in the emergence of a cultivation industry that operates under a state regulatory environment. (1) Cultivating operations include outdoor, indoor or a combination of indoor/outdoor farms that employ a workforce that maintains facilities, harvests, and processes cannabis for commercial distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial hazards during harvesting and processing at an outdoor United States cannabis farm

Green

Couch

Lemons

et al. 2018

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

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Cannabis cultivation is an emerging industry within the United States. Organic dust derived in part from naturally occurring microorganisms is known to cause byssinosis in the hemp industry. In this pilot study, bacteria and fungi encountered by workers at an outdoor cannabis farm that utilized organic practices were elucidated by 16 S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region sequencing, respectively. Area (n = 14) and personal air samples (n = 12) were collected during harvesting and processing activities. 16 S rRNA and ITS regions of extracted bacterial and fungal genomic DNA were amplified and sequenced using Sanger sequencing. Bacterial sequencing resolved 1,077 sequences that were clustered into 639 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and predominantly placed in the phylum, Actinobacteria (46%). Personal air samples revealed higher bacterial and Actinobacteria diversity compared to outdoor area samples collected within the facility (p < 0.05). A high degree of dissimilarity between bacteria was identified within and between samples. Fungal sequences (n = 985) were identified and predominantly clustered in the phylum Ascomycota (53%). Of the 216 fungal OTUs elucidated, the cannabis plant pathogenic species, Botrytis cinerea, was the most prevalent and accounted for 34% of all fungal sequences. The relative abundance of B. cinerea was highest in personal air samples (59%) compared to area samples collected in the drying room (19%), greenhouse (18%), and outdoor environment (6%). There was 49% sample similarity between fungi identified within personal air samples, but higher dissimilarity coefficients were observed within and between greenhouse, drying room, and outdoor area air samples. The results of this pilot study suggest that the cannabis farm workers are potentially exposed to Actinobacteria as well as the cannabis plant pathogen, B. cinerea during harvesting, bud-stripping, and hand-trimming processes.

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“… 13 While studies of the effect of recreational marijuana legalisation on its use are still emerging, there appears to be no/minimal effect on adolescent or college marijuana use. 13 The passage of legalisation laws also offers an important social justice benefit 25 ; by removing mechanisms for unfair, damaging disparities in law enforcement. 26 While more permissive marijuana laws may appeal to social justice aims (reducing racial disparity in law enforcement), and increase revenue to state and local government through taxation, 6 the public health trade-offs and overall costs of use-related adverse physical and psychosocial consequences 27 in response to changing laws remains difficult to accurately describe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the changes in marijuana use in the USA, 2005–2018

2020

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ObjectivesUnderstanding trends of marijuana use in the USA throughout a period of particularly high adoption of marijuana-legalisation, and understanding demographics most at risk of use, is important in evolving healthcare policy and intervention. This study analyses the demographic-specific changes in the prevalence of marijuana use in the USA between 2005 and 2018.Design, setting and participantsA 14-year retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database, a publicly available biennially collected national survey, weighted to represent the entire US population. A total of 35 212 adults between 18 and 69 years old participated in the seven-cycles of surveys analysed (2005–2018).Primary outcome measuredLifetime use, first use before 18 years old, and past-year use of marijuana.ResultsThe majority of adults reported ever using marijuana. While the overall prevalence of lifetime marijuana use remained stable (p=0.53), past-year use increased significantly between 2005 and 2018 (p<0.001) with highest rate of past-year use among younger age groups (p<0.001), males (p<0.001) and those with income below poverty level (p<0.001). Past-year use was the most common among non-Hispanic blacks, and less common among Hispanic/Mexican populations (p<0.002). Trends in past-year use increased among all age categories, males/females, all ethnicities, those with high school education/above, and those at all income levels (p<0.01 for all).ConclusionsWhile lifetime marijuana use remained stable, past-year use significantly increased between 2005 and 2018. While past-year use remained the most common in younger age groups, males, non-Hispanic blacks and those with lower income; increasing trends in past-year use were significant for all age, sex, race and income categories, and for those with high school education/above. With high adoption of marijuana-legalisation laws during this period, our results suggest an associated increase in past-year marijuana use.An accurate understanding of those most at risk can help to inform decisions of healthcare policy-makers and professionals, and facilitate a safe transition of changing marijuana legalisation and use in the USA.

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Field observations of the developing legal recreational cannabis economy in Washington State

Cited by 33 publications

References 3 publications

La legalización de los derivados del cannabis en España: Hipótesis sobre un potencial mercado emergente

La legalización de los derivados del cannabis en España: Hipótesis sobre un potencial mercado emergente

Microbial hazards during harvesting and processing at an outdoor United States cannabis farm

Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the changes in marijuana use in the USA, 2005–2018

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