Field Example Demonstrating A Significant Increase in Calculated Gas-In-Place: An Enhanced Shaly Sand Reservoir Characterisation Model Utilizing 3DEX™ Multicomponent Induction Data

Abstract

In this paper we demonstrate the advantages of a new multicomponent induction wireline instrument to measure true horizontal and vertical resistivities utilizing a field data example. These data were incorporated in an enhanced shaly sand tensor resistivity petrophysical analysis and resulted in an approximate 20% increase in calculated gas-in-place reserves over the previously used methodologies. Petrophysical results agreed well with conventional routine core analysis and production well test data. 3DEXSM Rh and Rv and conventional wireline log data were acquired in a deep marine turbidite sequence. The example well contained significant volumes of thinly bedded, laminar silty shales and high porosity gas sands that were deposited over very high quality massive channel and turbidite fan complex sands. A high anisotropy ratio, Rv/Rh, indicated the presence of high quality laminar sand pay in a 37-meter interval above the more massive gas-bearing sands. This was qualitatively confirmed by resistivity and acoustic imaging logs. The initial results of effective porosity, and effective water saturation (Indonesian) petrophysical analysis utilizing Array Laterolog deep resistivity (SFR 50–inch depth) data resulted in anomalously high water saturations and poorer apparent reservoir quality in these thinly bedded shaly sand intervals. A second analysis was performed utilizing both horizontal and vertical resistivities in a tensor resistivity model. The laminar shale volume calculated from the 3DEX resistivity data agreed well with NMR-derived shale volume from clay bound water (CBW) data. These results were used in a Thomas-Stieber volumetric model to determine the final laminar-dispersed shale distribution and laminar sand total porosity. Laminar sand resistivity was also calculated from the 3DEX horizontal and vertical resistivity data and used in a Waxman-Smits water saturation model to determine the true laminar sand water saturation. This analysis indicated that the laminar sands were generally of similar quality as the more massive sands. The tensor resistivity analysis indicated a low water saturation in the laminar sand section and is consistent with a capillary water saturation model in a dry gas reservoir. The increase in hydrocarbon saturation resulted in a significant increase in the initial GIP (Gas-In-Place) estimates. Two subsequent production well tests, comparable on a roughly equal net sand basis, choke size, and flowing tubing pressure, confirmed that the laminar sand section was capable of flowing gas at rates similar to the more massive sands without significant pressure draw down. The addition of true vertical resistivity combined with horizontal resistivity in a tensor petrophysical model provides additional new information about laminar shale volume and laminar sand resistivity in thinly bedded, hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs. Utilizing a true volumetric petrophysical model and determining the laminar-dispersed shale distribution results in a more accurate shaly sand reservoir characterization and, as demonstrated in this example, resulted in a significant increase in hydrocarbon volume evaluated.

A New Technology for Resistivity Anisotropy Evaluation in Conductive Borehole Environments

“…Incorporation of these 3DEX data interpretation results in an enhanced shaly-sand, tensor resistivity petrophysical analysis, leads to reduced evaluation uncertainties and may result in a significant increase in calculated hydrocarbon-in-place reserves over estimates obtained with conventional methodologies. 2 On the basis of the measured raw SF logs, we compute the seven so-called dual frequency (DF) logs. The main purpose of a DF transformation of the SF data is to reduce the near-borehole effect.…”

“…In this inversion, neither a borehole nor invasion are used as integral parts of the formation models. 2,3 This model simplification may lead to a very inaccurate formation anisotropy determination. In the next section, we demonstrate that in the presence of a highly conductive borehole and invasion, both the SF and DF logs may depart significantly from those recorded in the same formation, but in the absence of both the borehole and invasion (horizontally layered, 1-D formation).…”

“…The left track (1) shows the caliper and GR logs. Tracks (2)(3) show the results of the 3DEX data inversion, and tracks (4-5) show the results of the sequential HDLL and 3DEX data inversion over the selected interval. The results are presented as blocky curves, which indicate the resistivity of the invaded zone, R xo , the horizontal formation resistivity, R h , the vertical formation resistivity, R v , and the anisotropy, λ.…”

“…The depth of invasion is, on average, L xo = 8 -10''. The smoothed curve in tracks (2) and (4) is the MLL.…”

“…Application of HDIL data would be done primarily to derive the formation layering and the horizontal resistivity at an initial step of the interpretation process. [1][2][3] Normally, wells drilled with non-conductive oil-based mud (OBM) provide an ideal environment for induction logging tools, such as HDIL and 3DEX. At the same time, the drilling industry is turning from the use of OBM to environmentally sensitive water-based mud (WBM) systems.…”