Field Evaluation of Repellent Formulations Containing Deet and Picaridin Against Mosquitoes in Northern Territory, Australia

Frances, Stephen P.; Waterson, D. G. E.; Beebe, Nigel W.; Cooper, Robert D.

doi:10.1603/0022-2585-41.3.414

Cited by 62 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The specificity of repellency still needs to be determined, but it is likely to be broad acting. Many synthesized repellents such as DEET, and naturally occurring ones such as azadirachtin (neem tree extract) have repellent and/or anti-feedant action against a diversity of insect types, including mosquitoes (Ravindran et al 2002;Frances et al 2004;Hou et al 2004). The demonstration of blowfly anti-feedant properties in L. caerulea skin secretion (Williams et al 1998), which is also active against mosquitoes, supports such an hypothesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Mosquito repellents in frog skin

et al. 2006

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The search for novel insect repellents has been driven by health concerns over established synthetic compounds such as diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Given the diversity of compounds known from frog skin and records of mosquito bite and ectoparasite infestation, the presence of mosquito repellents in frogs seemed plausible. We investigated frog skin secretions to confirm the existence of mosquito repellent properties. Litoria caerulea secretions were assessed for mosquito repellency by topical application on mice. The secretions provided protection against host-seeking Culex annulirostris mosquitoes. Olfactometer tests using aqueous washes of skin secretions from L. caerulea and four other frog species were conducted to determine whether volatile components were responsible for repellency. Volatiles from Litoria rubella and Uperoleia mjobergi secretions were repellent to C. annulirostris, albeit not as repellent as a DEET control. The demonstration of endogenous insect repellents in amphibians is novel, and demonstrates that many aspects of frog chemical ecology remain unexplored.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Mosquito repellents in frog skin

et al. 2006

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“…Despite the proven efficacy of DEET as a repellent, during laboratory and field trials it is common to find that a small proportion of mosquitoes are not repelled by the compound (13)(14)(15). Boeckh et al (4) demonstrated that DEET reduced, but did not entirely eliminate, the approach of A. aegypti to host odors, and experiments with Drosophila melanogaster (16,17) and A. aegypti (18) have shown the presence of DEET-insensitive individuals.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral insensitivity to DEET in Aedes aegypti is a genetically determined trait residing in changes in sensillum function

Stanczyk

Brookfield

Ignell

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

118

123

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N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is one of the most effective and commonly used mosquito repellents. However, during laboratory trials a small proportion of mosquitoes are still attracted by human odors despite the presence of DEET. In this study behavioral assays identified Aedes aegypti females that were insensitive to DEET, and the selection of either sensitive or insensitive groups of females with males of unknown sensitivity over several generations resulted in two populations with different proportions of insensitive females. Crossing experiments showed the "insensitivity" trait to be dominant. Electroantennography showed a reduced response to DEET in the selected insensitive line compared with the selected sensitive line, and single sensillum recordings identified DEET-sensitive sensilla that were nonresponders in the insensitive line. This study suggests that behavioral insensitivity to DEET in A. aegypti is a genetically determined dominant trait and resides in changes in sensillum function.O ne of the most widely used and effective insect repellents available is the synthetic compound N,N-Diethyl-mtoluamide (DEET) (1). DEET was identified more than 50 years ago by a structure-activity study of synthetic compounds and, although a number of compounds with similar activity have been identified, their efficacy is often judged by comparison with DEET (2). The mode of action of DEET has not been elucidated fully. It was originally thought to act by affecting the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) sensitive to lactic acid (3) and thus inhibit the mosquito's response to this, normally attractive, compound (4-6), but this view was challenged by the finding that DEET can function as a repellent even when other attractants are present (4, 7). A recent investigation on Anopheles gambiae has suggested that the ORN for 1-octen-3-ol, a component of human sweat (8) that in combination with CO 2 acts as an attractant for this species (9, 10), is blocked by DEET, and thus, in the presence of DEET, a higher concentration of the 1-octen-3-ol is required for the mosquitoes to be able to detect it (11). However, Syed and Leal (12) investigated this theory by using Culex quinquefasciatus and suggest that the reduction in response to the 1-octen-3-ol in this species is not because of a diminished response of the ORN but to interactions between the two compounds when DEET and 1-octen-3-ol are tested in the same cartridge. Additionally, single sensillum recordings have identified an ORN that responds directly to DEET in C. quinquefasciatus (12) and Aedes aegypti (4), indicating that these mosquito species are actively detecting DEET rather than DEET interfering with an ORN detecting another compound.Despite the proven efficacy of DEET as a repellent, during laboratory and field trials it is common to find that a small proportion of mosquitoes are not repelled by the compound (13-15). Boeckh et al. (4) demonstrated that DEET reduced, but did not entirely eliminate, the approach of A. aegypti to host odors, and experiments with Dros...

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“…There is a considerable body of scientific work supporting their safety and effectiveness 7,9 , with laboratory and field investigations demonstrating that DEET effectively protects against a range of nuisance-biting and vector mosquito species in Australia. 10 …”

Section: Diethyltoluamide (Deet)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,10 Registered formulations range in concentration from 9% to 20%. Alongside DEET, it has been widely recommended by health authorities internationally.…”

Section: Picaridinmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of recommendations on the safe and effective use of topical mosquito repellents

Webb

Hess

2016

Public Health Res Pr

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Mosquito-borne disease is an annual problem in Australia, with endemic pathogens such as Ross River virus infecting thousands of people each year. The recent emergence of Zika virus in South America and the Pacific, together with ongoing outbreaks of dengue viruses in Southeast Asia, generated great community interest in the most effective strategies to avoid mosquito bites. Large-scale mosquito control programs are not common in Australia and are limited in New South Wales (NSW).The use of topical insect repellents is a key recommendation by health authorities to prevent mosquito-borne disease. All products sold in Australia purporting to repel mosquitoes must be registered with the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. Despite around 100 commercial products registered as repelling mosquitoes, there are relatively few active ingredients used across these formulations. The most common are diethyltoluamide (DEET), picaridin, p-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD) and a range of plant-derived products (e.g. melaleuca, eucalyptus, citronella oils). Research has shown that each of these active ingredients varies in the duration of protection provided against biting mosquitoes.Recommendations by health authorities are informed by this research, but inconsistencies between recommendations and available repellent formulations and their concentration of active ingredients can cause confusion in the community. There are conflicts between the data resulting from scholarly research, marketing promotion by manufacturers and recommendations provided by overseas health authorities. A review was undertaken of NSW Health's current recommendations on choosing and using insect repellents, taking into consideration recent research and currently registered topical repellents.

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Field Evaluation of Repellent Formulations Containing Deet and Picaridin Against Mosquitoes in Northern Territory, Australia

Cited by 62 publications

References 8 publications

Mosquito repellents in frog skin

Mosquito repellents in frog skin

Behavioral insensitivity to DEET in Aedes aegypti is a genetically determined trait residing in changes in sensillum function

A review of recommendations on the safe and effective use of topical mosquito repellents

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