Field Evaluation of an Inactivated Vaccine to Control Raccoon Rabies in Ontario, Canada

Sobey, Kirk; Rosatte, Rick; Bachmann, Peter; Buchanan, Tore; Bruce, Laura L.; Donovan, Dennis M.; Brown, L.; Davies, J. Chris; Fehlner-Gardiner, Christine; Wandeler, Alexander I.

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-46.3.818

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Trap-vaccinate-release (TVR) involves live trapping, offlabel use of veterinary vaccines, and release at the point of capture. Parenteral vaccination results in high levels of seroconversion (63,64,65), but TVR is expensive and intensive in terms of human resources, limiting its use to smaller-scale operations or contingency actions (66,67). It has been used effectively in Canada and the USA as a component of control programmes targeting foxes, skunks and raccoons (15,58,68,69) and was found to be particularly useful for species that were not effectively immunised by the oral vaccines in use at the time (63,70).…”

Section: Parenteral Vaccination or 'Trap-vaccinaterelease'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabies control in North America – past, present and future

Fehlner-Gardiner¹

2018

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

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In the first half of the 20th century, rabies in dogs affected Canada, Mexico and the United States of America (USA). However, the role of wildlife in the transmission of the rabies virus was also recognised and outbreaks affecting both wildlife and domestic animals were documented. Canine rabies has since been eliminated from Canada and the USA, and is now only found sporadically in a few southern states of Mexico. Wildlife variant rabies viruses, found throughout the continent and geographically associated with specific reservoir species, have notable public and animal health, as well as economic, impacts. Early rabies control efforts included legislated dog management strategies and wildlife population reduction, which met with varying success. In the last 30 years, programmes for the control of rabies in dogs and wildlife have benefited from an 'Integrated Management Approach', combining education, vaccination (parenteral and oral), strategic population control, responsible pet ownership and effective stewardship of natural resources, in addition to cooperation and collaboration among local, national and international stakeholders. Looking ahead, the goal of eliminating specific wildlife virus variants will be challenged by the potential range expansion of reservoir species, due to climate change and other factors, and the risk of re-introducing eliminated virus variants. To be successful, programmes must be sustained and accompanied by advances in vaccines, enhanced distribution strategies, monitoring in the field and effective modelling of disease spread. They should also be informed by robust case surveillance, phylogenetics and an increased knowledge of vector ecology.

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Section: Parenteral Vaccination or 'Trap-vaccinaterelease'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabies control in North America – past, present and future

Fehlner-Gardiner¹

2018

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

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“…To address this, we tested 6 kinds of inactivated rabies vaccines and their immunogenicity in Korean raccoon dogs. Sobey et al, reported that inoculation of inactivated rabies vaccine by intramuscular route was found to be efficacious in field evaluation of an inactivated vaccine to control raccoon rabies in Canada (16,11). The kinetics of developing neutralizing antibodies after primary and booster inoculation of rabies vaccine have been studied in pet animals and the second inoculation of rabies vaccine induced more rapid increase and higher levels of circulating antibodies than the primary inoculation (17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody Response in Korean Raccoon Dogs Inoculated with Inactivated Rabies Vaccines

Yang

Nam

et al. 2012

J Bacteriol Virol

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Since sylvatic rabies was first identified in South Korea in 1993, over three million bait vaccine doses have been distributed to rabies risk regions in order to block transmission of rabies among wild animals. New progressive strategy is needed to eliminate sylvatic rabies completely in rabies risk regions. Before applying the preventive program related to eradication, immunogenicity of inactivated rabies vaccines available in Korea has to be evaluated in Korean raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis). Six groups of raccoon dogs in wild rescue center of Gyeonggi-do were vaccinated intramuscularly with single dose of six inactivated commercial rabies vaccines (designated A to F). Serum samples at the time of vaccination, and two and four weeks post vaccination were obtained and analyzed by virus neutralizing assay (VNA). All raccoon dogs inoculated with vaccines C, D, E or F, showed VN antibody titers ranging from 0.5 to 13.77 IU/ml. Half of four raccoon dogs immunized with vaccine B revealed VN titer over 0.5 IU/ml, and one of four raccoon dogs inoculated with vaccine A showed protective antibody titer. This finding suggests that most of the commercially available inactivated rabies vaccines could induce protective immunity in Korean raccoon dogs and be applicable to new rabies control program.

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“…The seroprevalence represents the percentage of seropositive raccoons living in an area subjected to a disease control eight weeks following control intervention applications. Serology tests were conducted on raccoons in Southern Ontario six to eight weeks after the end of disease control applications, and results were based on a titre of 0.5 international units per ml [ 16 ]. Model calibration tests estimated that a level of protective immunity 2.1 times higher than the level of seropositivity observed in raccoons in the field resulted in epidemic curves most closely matching the observed rabies cases associated with the Hamilton outbreak from 2015–2020 ( File S2 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing Control Intervention Scenarios for Raccoon Rabies in Southern Ontario between 2015 and 2025

Acheson

Viard

Buchanan

et al. 2023

Viruses

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The largest outbreak of raccoon rabies in Canada was first reported in Hamilton, Ontario, in 2015 following a probable translocation event from the United States. We used a spatially-explicit agent-based model to evaluate the effectiveness of provincial control programs in an urban-centric outbreak if control interventions were used until 2025, 2020, or never used. Calibration tests suggested that a seroprevalence of protective rabies antibodies 2.1 times higher than that inferred from seroprevalence in program assessments was required in simulations to replicate observed raccoon rabies cases. Our simulation results showed that if control interventions with an adjusted seroprevalence were used until 2025 or 2020, the probability of rabies elimination due to control intervention use was 49.2% and 42.1%, respectively. However, if controls were never used, the probability that initial rabies cases failed to establish a sustained outbreak was only 18.2%. In simulations where rabies was not successfully eliminated, using control interventions until 2025 resulted in 67% fewer new infections compared to only applying controls until 2020 and in 90% fewer new infections compared to no control intervention use. However, the model likely underestimated rabies elimination rates since we did not adjust for adaptive control strategies in response to changes in rabies distributions and case numbers, as well as extending control interventions past 2025. Our agent-based model offers a cost-effective strategy to evaluate approaches to rabies control applications.

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Field Evaluation of an Inactivated Vaccine to Control Raccoon Rabies in Ontario, Canada

Cited by 13 publications

References 30 publications

Rabies control in North America – past, present and future

Rabies control in North America – past, present and future

Antibody Response in Korean Raccoon Dogs Inoculated with Inactivated Rabies Vaccines

Comparing Control Intervention Scenarios for Raccoon Rabies in Southern Ontario between 2015 and 2025

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