Field Emission from Metal Whiskers

The current understanding of growing metallic filamentary crystals in an electric field

“…Образование нитевидных кристаллов на обоих электродах может быть связано с существованием при термическом разложении галогенида двух типов ионов -Сu + н Сu I -. Рост нитевидных кристаллов различных эле-ментов в электрическом поле осуществлялся также учеными Гомером [31][32][33][34] и Мелмедом [35][36][37][38][39][40]. Нитевидные кристаллы ими выращивались внутри видоизменен ной камеры ионного проектора в усло-виях высокого вакуума (до 10 -9 мм рт.…”

1760. Electrical breakdown and discharge in vacuum

“…However, the fact that the breakdown intensity was independent of the diameter of the sphere (0.5-9 mm) contradicts this assumption as it was outlined here and requires additional clarification. For example, it is possible that relationships (71) and (74) given above are invalid due to the commensurate size of the gap and the diameter of the sphere.…”

Fabrication of Sharp Gold Tips by Three-Electrode Electrochemical Etching with High Controllability and Reproducibility

“…Several methods to fabricate Au tips have been developed over decades, mainly including the following: (1) electrochemical etching, − ,− , (2) chemical polishing, (3) ion milling, (4) cathode sputtering, (5) whisker growth, − and (6) mechanical shaping. − Among these, electrochemical etching, in which a metal wire is anodically dissolved in an electrolyte, is widely used because of its low cost and easy operation. In previous studies, a two-electrode electrochemical system consisting of a working electrode (WE) and a counter electrode (CE) has been applied to produce Au tips (Figure a).…”