Field deployable spray-on ultrasonic coatings for high-temperature applications

Trivedi, Yamankumar P; Tittmann, Bernhard R.; Batista, Caio F. G.; Xu, Jiansong; Lissenden, Cliff J.

doi:10.1063/1.5099798

Cited by 3 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Material selection is based primarily on combining Curie temperatures (T c ) and coupling coefficients (e.g., d 33 ) of the constituents to achieve the desired overall piezoceramic properties. To maintain an in-field transducer at high signal-to-noise (SNR), the piezoelectric transducer material should have both a large coupling coefficient and a T c exceeding the transducer’s operating temperature [4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Micromechanical modeling enables prediction of overall properties based on the properties of the constituents.…”

Section: Transducers For High Temperature Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Good adhesion was observed for extended periods of time. One film transducer is still working normally after several years of use [7].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…A-scan pulse-echo measurements of Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 ( left ), LiNbO 3 ( center ), and organic Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 ( right ) thick-film transducers deposited on steel cylinder (7 mm) at 40 dB gain, film thickness ~200 micron, and frequency ~1.5 MHz [7]. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Signal amplitude (peak-to-peak) for the first two reflection as a function of the temperature for lithium niobate thick-film, spray-on transducer [7]. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the past decades there has been significant interest and therefore research into the problem of ultrasonic transducers for harsh environments [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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State-of-the-Art and Practical Guide to Ultrasonic Transducers for Harsh Environments Including Temperatures above 2120 °F (1000 °C) and Neutron Flux above 1013 n/cm2

Tittmann

Batista

Trivedi

et al. 2019

Sensors

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In field applications currently used for health monitoring and nondestructive testing, ultrasonic transducers primarily employ PZT5-H as the piezoelectric element for ultrasound transmission and detection. This material has a Curie–Weiss temperature that limits its use to about 210 °C. Some industrial applications require much higher temperatures, i.e., 1000–1200 °C and possible nuclear radiation up to 1020 n/cm2 when performance is required in a reactor environment. The goal of this paper is the survey and review of piezoelectric elements for use in harsh environments for the ultimate purpose for structural health monitoring (SHM), non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and material characterization (NDMC). The survey comprises the following categories: 1. High-temperature applications with single crystals, thick-film ceramics, and composite ceramics, 2. Radiation-tolerant materials, and 3. Spray-on transducers for harsh-environment applications. In each category the known characteristics are listed, and examples are given of performance in harsh environments. Highlighting some examples, the performance of single-crystal lithium niobate wafers is demonstrated up to 1100 °C. The wafers with the C-direction normal to the wafer plane were mounted on steel cylinders with high-temperature Sauereisen and silver paste wire mountings and tested in air. In another example, the practical use in harsh radiation environments aluminum nitride (AlN) was found to be a good candidate operating well in two different nuclear reactors. The radiation hardness of AlN was evident from the unaltered piezoelectric coefficient after a fast and thermal neutron exposure in a nuclear reactor core (thermal flux = 2.12 × 1013 ncm−2; fast flux 2 (>1.0 MeV) = 4.05 × 1013 ncm−2; gamma dose rate: 1 × 109 r/h; temperature: 400–500 °C). Additionally, some of the high-temperature transducers are shown to be capable of mounting without requiring coupling material. Pulse-echo signal amplitudes (peak-to-peak) for the first two reflections as a function of the temperature for lithium niobate thick-film, spray-on transducers were observed to temperatures of about 900 °C. Guided-wave send-and-receive operation in the 2–4 MHz range was demonstrated on 2–3 mm thick Aluminum (6061) structures for possible field deployable applications where standard ultrasonic coupling media do not survive because of the harsh environment. This approach would benefit steam generators and steam pipes where temperatures are above 210 °C. In summary, there are several promising approaches to ultrasonic transducers for harsh environments and this paper presents a survey based on literature searches and in-house laboratory observations.

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Section: Transducers For High Temperature Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Good adhesion was observed for extended periods of time. One film transducer is still working normally after several years of use [7].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Signal amplitude (peak-to-peak) for the first two reflection as a function of the temperature for lithium niobate thick-film, spray-on transducer [7]. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

State-of-the-Art and Practical Guide to Ultrasonic Transducers for Harsh Environments Including Temperatures above 2120 °F (1000 °C) and Neutron Flux above 1013 n/cm2

Tittmann

Batista

Trivedi

et al. 2019

Sensors

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Particulate Metal Composites as Backing for Ultrasonic Transducers for Continuous Nondestructive Measurements at Moderate and High Temperatures

Boubenia

Rosenkrantz

Despetis

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroelect., Freq. Contr.

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Use of the Ferroelectric Ceramic Bismuth Titanate as an Ultrasonic Transducer for High Temperatures and Nuclear Radiation

Reinhardt

Tittmann

2021

Sensors

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Ultrasonic transducers are often used in the nuclear industry as sensors to monitor the health and process status of systems or the components. Some of the after-effects of the Fukushima Daiichi earthquake could have been eased if sensors had been in place inside the four reactors and sensed the overheating causing meltdown and steam explosions. The key element of ultrasonic sensors is the piezoelectric wafer, which is usually derived from lead-zirconate-titanate (Pb(Zr, Ti)O3, PZT). This material loses its piezoelectrical properties at a temperature of about 200 °C. It also undergoes nuclear transmutation. Bismuth titanate (Bi4Ti3O12, BiTi) has been considered as a potential candidate for replacing PZT at the middle of this temperature range, with many possible applications, since it has a Curie–Weiss temperature of about 650 °C. The aim of this article is to describe experimental details for operation in gamma and nuclear radiation concomitant with elevated temperatures and details of the performance of a BiTi sensor during and after irradiation testing. In these experiments, bismuth titanate has been demonstrated to operate up to a fast neutron fluence of 5 ×1020 n/cm2 and gamma radiation of 7.23 × 1021 (gamma/cm2). The results offer a perspective on the state-of the-art for a possible sensor for harsh environments of high temperature, Gamma radiation, and nuclear fluence.

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Field deployable spray-on ultrasonic coatings for high-temperature applications

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

State-of-the-Art and Practical Guide to Ultrasonic Transducers for Harsh Environments Including Temperatures above 2120 °F (1000 °C) and Neutron Flux above 1013 n/cm2

State-of-the-Art and Practical Guide to Ultrasonic Transducers for Harsh Environments Including Temperatures above 2120 °F (1000 °C) and Neutron Flux above 1013 n/cm2

Particulate Metal Composites as Backing for Ultrasonic Transducers for Continuous Nondestructive Measurements at Moderate and High Temperatures

Use of the Ferroelectric Ceramic Bismuth Titanate as an Ultrasonic Transducer for High Temperatures and Nuclear Radiation

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