We examined the possibility that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is involved in synaptic transmissions. We found that bFGF rapidly induced the release of glutamate and an increase in the intracellular Ca 2؉ concentration through voltage-dependent Ca 2؉ channels in cultured cerebral cortical neurons. bFGF also evoked a significant influx of Na ؉ . Tetanustoxin inhibited the bFGF-induced glutamate release, revealing that bFGF triggered exocytosis. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway was required for these acute effects of bFGF. We also found that pretreatment with bFGF significantly enhanced high K ؉ -elicited glutamate release also in a MAPK activation-dependent manner. Therefore, we propose that bFGF exerts promoting effects on excitatory neuronal transmission via activation of the MAPK pathway.Neuronal transmissions require mechanisms that modulate the balanced interaction of multiple factors, which control functional maintenance and plasticity in the central nervous system. Many factors including growth factors and the excitatory amino acid glutamate control neuronal functions. In particular, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF, 1 one of the neurotrophins) plays a fundamental role in neuronal transmission and plasticity (1-7). We also reported that rapid glutamate release was induced by BDNF through the glutamate transporter in cultured cerebellar and cortical neurons (8, 9). However, very little work has been done concerning the roles of other neurotrophic factors in the acute modulation of central nervous system and peripheral nervous system functions (10, 11). Initially, bFGF was identified as an angiogenic mitogen, but it is now recognized as a neurotrophic factor. For example, it has been found that bFGF exerts neurotrophic activities in cortical and hippocampal neurons (12, 13). However, the expression of bFGF in the central nervous system increases during postnatal development (14), implying that bFGF also has important roles in synaptic maturation. Indeed, bFGF modulates the efficacy of hippocampal synaptic transmission. bFGF enhances the generation of long term potentiation in hippocampal neurons (15, 16). These findings suggest that bFGF is involved in glutamatergic transmission, because it is widely accepted that the release of glutamate (presynaptic), as well as the NMDA and the AMPA receptor (postsynaptic), is essential for long term potentiation (17,18). Several reports have indicated that these ionotropic glutamate receptor activities were regulated by bFGF. bFGF regulates the intracellular Ca 2ϩ concentration after activation of the NMDA receptor (19). Long term treatment with bFGF decreases the NMDA receptor-dependent increase in the Ca 2ϩ concentration, and the Ca 2ϩ attenuation is required for the neuroprotective effects in excitotoxic cell death (20, 21). The expression of the glutamate receptor protein is also changed by bFGF. bFGF increased the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 protein but did not alter levels of GluR2/3, GluR4, or the NMDA subunit NR1 (22). The expres...