Fibrinogen-related protein from amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri is a multivalent pattern recognition receptor with a bacteriolytic activity

Fan, Chunxin; Zhang, Shicui; Li, Lei; Chao, Y B

doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2008.04.019

Cited by 68 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…2B), whereas CLRs, fibrinogen genes, and C1q genes may have broad implications outside the immune system. The good news is that each of these three families has one gene shown to have immune functions (15,33,34), which represent a 54-membered CLR subfamily, a 28-membered fibrinogen subfamily, and probably the entire C1q family, respectively. In any case, if these families (except NLRs) really serve as diversified PRRs, then their low expression levels are justifiable (their expression is supposed to be induced when needed), because recognition diversity not only poses the same magnitude of self-reactive potential, but also costs much more resources with slightly higher expression.…”

Section: Diversified Prrs Are Expressed At Low Levels In the Gutmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution and Regulation of the Mucosal Immune Complexity in the Basal Chordate Amphioxus

Huang

Wang

Yan

et al. 2011

The Journal of Immunology

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Both amphioxus and the sea urchin encode a complex innate immune gene repertoire in their genomes, but the composition and mechanisms of their innate immune systems, as well as the fundamental differences between two systems, remain largely unexplored. In this study, we dissect the mucosal immune complexity of amphioxus into different evolutionary-functional modes and regulatory patterns by integrating information from phylogenetic inferences, genome-wide digital expression profiles, time course expression dynamics, and functional analyses. With these rich data, we reconstruct several major immune subsystems in amphioxus and analyze their regulation during mucosal infection. These include the TNF/IL-1R network, TLR and NLR networks, complement system, apoptosis network, oxidative pathways, and other effector genes (e.g., peptidoglycan recognition proteins, Gram-negative binding proteins, and chitin-binding proteins). We show that beneath the superficial similarity to that of the sea urchin, the amphioxus innate system, despite preserving critical invertebrate components, is more similar to that of the vertebrates in terms of composition, expression regulation, and functional strategies. For example, major effectors in amphioxus gut mucous tissue are the well-developed complement and oxidative-burst systems, and the signaling network in amphioxus seems to emphasize signal transduction/modulation more than initiation. In conclusion, we suggest that the innate immune systems of amphioxus and the sea urchin are strategically different, possibly representing two successful cases among many expanded immune systems that arose at the age of the Cambrian explosion. We further suggest that the vertebrate innate immune system should be derived from one of these expanded systems, most likely from the same one that was shared by amphioxus.

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Section: Diversified Prrs Are Expressed At Low Levels In the Gutmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution and Regulation of the Mucosal Immune Complexity in the Basal Chordate Amphioxus

Huang

Wang

Yan

et al. 2011

The Journal of Immunology

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“…In the end, no genes for authentic coagulation factors were found in amphioxus. There are numerous genes for fibrinogen-related domains (FREDs) in both genomes (sea squirt and amphioxus), some of which have been cloned (Fan et al 2008), but none are clustered with other domains that are characteristic of fibrinogen molecules.…”

Section: Basal Chordatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Step-by-Step Evolution of Vertebrate Blood Coagulation

Doolittle¹

2009

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology

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Blood coagulation in humans is a delicately balanced process involving more than two dozen extracellular proteins, many of which need to be converted from precursor forms during the process (Fig. 1). Almost half of the components are members of the serine protease family. Briefly put, the process acts as a biochemical amplifier in the forward direction, a small number of newly exposed tissue molecules acting as an input stimulus for an avalanche response converting a large number of fibrinogen molecules into a gelatinous clot. A delicate balance exists between the need for a fluid circulating state and the polymeric gel at a wound site; of necessity, the process is highly regulated, with various protease inhibitors and counteracting proteases involved. The question arises of how and when this complex process evolved.Many of the proteins involved are clearly related to one another by gene duplications, and in the past, sequencebased phylogenies have offered insights into the relative order in which certain factors appeared (see, e.g., Doolittle and Feng 1987;Doolittle 1993;Hughes 2000). The relationship of paralogs can also be inferred by the kinds and arrangements of subsidiary domains associated with the catalytic domains (Fig. 2).The subsidiary domains have very important roles in the blood-clotting process, serving as protein-protein interaction sites and localizing the clot at the site of injury. With regard to localization, GLA (γ-carboxyglutamic acid) domains and discoidin domains anchor certain of the factors to platelets at wound sites. Other subsidiary domains, including kringles, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and plasminogen-apple-nematode (PAN) domains, are well known to promote protein-protein interactions, leading in this case to the assemblage of factors needed for clot formation.Which of the factors appeared first? As far as known, the thrombin-catalyzed conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is unique to vertebrate animals (Doolittle 1961; Doolittle and Surgenor 1962), a group for which an accurately determined fossil record is available. As such, the times of appearance or disappearance of various genes can be gauged by examining genomes from various classes of extant vertebrates.Although blood clotting is mostly an extracellular event centering around the thrombin-catalyzed conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin, blood platelets are also intimately evolved, being both thrombin sensitive, on the one hand, and having a strong affinity for fibrinogen and fibrin, on the other hand. Platelets also sequester some other coagulation factors as well. It must be kept in mind that in nonmammalian vertebrates, the equivalents of platelets are white cells commonly called thrombocytes. SEARCHING WHOLE-GENOME SEQUENCE DATABASESThe whole-genome sequence (WGS) databases of sea squirt, amphioxus (lancelet), lamprey, puffer fish, frog, green anole lizard, chicken, platypus, and opossum were examined in search of ~20 genes known to be associated with blood clotting in mammals (Table 1).The general strategy for identify...

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“…In vertebrates, fibrinogen molecules usually associate as hexamers and are comprised of two sets of disulfide-bridged ␣, ␤, and ␥ chains that participate as a principal component of both cellular and fluid coagulation (14). In invertebrates, FREPs/FBNs are common pattern recognition receptors (15,16) responsible mainly for initiating innate immune responses (17). For instance, tachylectin proteins in the horseshoe crab regulate host defense by recognizing bacterial lipopolysaccharides (18).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Anopheles Midgut FREP1 Mediates Plasmodium Invasion

Zhang

Niu

Franca

et al. 2015

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Background: The molecular mechanisms of Plasmodium invasion in mosquito midguts are not well understood. Results: The mosquito midgut peritrophic matrix protein FREP1 binds Plasmodia. Blocking parasite-FREP1 interactions or ablating FREP1 expression reduced P. falciparum infection in mosquitoes. Conclusion: FREP1 functions as a critical host factor that mediates Plasmodium invasion in mosquito midguts. Significance: Targeting FREP1 may inhibit Plasmodium transmission to mosquitoes and the spread of malaria.

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Fibrinogen-related protein from amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri is a multivalent pattern recognition receptor with a bacteriolytic activity

Cited by 68 publications

References 33 publications

The Evolution and Regulation of the Mucosal Immune Complexity in the Basal Chordate Amphioxus

The Evolution and Regulation of the Mucosal Immune Complexity in the Basal Chordate Amphioxus

Step-by-Step Evolution of Vertebrate Blood Coagulation

Anopheles Midgut FREP1 Mediates Plasmodium Invasion

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