Fiber in the Loop

Abstract

The close ofthe 1980s saw many trials and applications ofjiber in the loop or FITL. Most delivered traditional telephony (i.e., narrowband) services to the home, but a few provided both narrowband and entertainment video (i.e., broadband) services. During thattime, the local-exchange carriers (LECs) also formulated theirobjectives and strategies for deploying FITL. As they gained a betterunderstanding ofthe marketplace and the political realities ofdelivering video services, the LECs adopted an FITL-deployment strategy based on strict cost-effectiveness for the delivery oftraditional telephone services. However, any fiber-optic access architecture theyadopt has to supportbroadband services in the future. To address the costand service challenges ofFITL, the LECs and vendors must continually evaluate many alternative access architectures to identify potential advantages that can help fiber access achieve costparity with copper access. Total system costs must be considered including electrical and optical components, powering system, fiber and cable components, and life-cycle costs (Le., administration, maintenance, assignment, and provisioning operations).

The Effects of Sugar and Fat Substitution on the Textural Properties of the Pie Dough

“…Consumers generally have basic knowledge of nutrition when it comes to sugar, but what differentiates a healthy consumer from an unhealthy consumer is how they use their nutritional knowledge to make food choices [8]. Many parents want low-sugar products for their children, and current studies emphasize the importance of developing healthy eating habits at an early age [9,10]. Sigman-Grant and Hsieh (2005) found that consumers who selected low-sugar versions or a combination of low-sugar and whole-sugar products generally had more favorable diets [11].…”

“…Many of these constituents have been associated through their mechanism of action and also in epidemiological studies with antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties, lowering the risk of developing diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular complications, many of which are increasing. It is believed that apples contribute to a healthy diet, and the old saying "an apple a day keeps the doctor away" is believed to still contain a lot of wisdom [14].…”