Fiber four-wave mixing source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy

Lefrançois, Simon; Fu, Dan; Holtom, Gary R.; Kong, Lingjie; Wadsworth, William J.; Schneider, P. J.; Herda, Robert; Zach, Armin; Xie, X. Sunney; Wise, Frank W.

doi:10.1364/ol.37.001652

Cited by 85 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…Although CARS spectroscopy and imaging based on a single fiber laser has been demonstrated and investigated extensively [10,19,20] and various fiber laser sources have been developed for this purpose [21–23], a systemic investigation and comparison between CARS and SRS based on such fiber lased based system has not been reported and would help to better understand the capability of this system, as well as the design tradeoffs and performance optimization. In this paper, we demonstrate that both CARS and SRS can be performed using an excitation system based on a single fiber laser and a nonlinear wavelength scanner based on SSFS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-fiber-laser-based wavelength tunable excitation for coherent Raman spectroscopy

Xie

Johnson

et al. 2013

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

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We demonstrate coherent Raman spectroscopy (CRS) using a tunable excitation source based on a single femtosecond fiber laser. The frequency difference between the pump and the Stokes pulses was generated by soliton self-frequency shifting (SSFS) in a nonlinear optical fiber. Spectra of C-H stretches of cyclohexane were measured simultaneously by stimulated Raman gain (SRG) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and compared. We demonstrate the use of spectral focusing through pulse chirping to improve CRS spectral resolution. We analyze the impact of pulse stretching on the reduction of power efficiency for CARS and SRG. Due to chromatic dispersion in the fiber-optic system, the differential pulse delay is a function of Stokes wavelength. This differential delay has to be accounted for when performing spectroscopy in which the Stokes wavelength needs to be scanned. CARS and SRG signals were collected and displayed in two dimensions as a function of both the time delay between chirped pulses and the Stokes wavelength, and we demonstrate how to find the stimulated Raman spectrum from the two-dimensional plots. Strategies of system optimization consideration are discussed in terms of practical applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-fiber-laser-based wavelength tunable excitation for coherent Raman spectroscopy

Xie

Johnson

et al. 2013

J. Opt. Soc. Am. B

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“…From the free-space OPO system, we have learned that optical synchronization avoids timing jitter and improves long-term stability. However, previous approaches to fibre-based optically synchronized systems are less than optimal: super-continuum generation (SC) 20–22 does not scale to sufficiently high power, implementation of a fibre-based OPO has proven challenging 24 , and unseeded four-wave mixing requires low repetition rates 23 , which ultimately limit the imaging speed. Here we combine the advantages of optical synchronization with straight-forward power scaling in fibre amplifiers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy with a robust fibre laser source

et al. 2014

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Stimulated Raman Scattering microscopy allows label-free chemical imaging and has enabled exciting applications in biology, material science, and medicine. It provides a major advantage in imaging speed over spontaneous Raman scattering and has improved image contrast and spectral fidelity compared to coherent anti-Stokes Raman. Wider adoption of the technique has, however, been hindered by the need for a costly and environmentally sensitive tunable ultra-fast dual-wavelength source. We present the development of an optimized all-fibre laser system based on the optical synchronization of two picosecond power amplifiers. To circumvent the high-frequency laser noise intrinsic to amplified fibre lasers, we have further developed a high-speed noise cancellation system based on voltage-subtraction autobalanced detection. We demonstrate uncompromised imaging performance of our fibre-laser based stimulated Raman scattering microscope with shot-noise limited sensitivity and an imaging speed up to 1 frame/s.

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“…By using a polarization maintaining fiber and dual wavelength wave plate (DWW), our earlier work demonstrates that the FWM noise can be eliminated [38,39], allowing for reduction in the size of the multimodal, nonlinear endo-microscopy probe and high signal collection efficiency. With a 14 mm transverse diameter and 1 µm image resolution, which clearly distinguishes between cellular morphology of healthy and cancerous tissue, this roundshaped, multimodal, nonlinear endo-microscopy probe has the potential for use in robotic assisted, radical prostatectomy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multimodal nonlinear endo-microscopy probe design for high resolution, label-free intraoperative imaging

McCormick³

et al. 2015

Biomed. Opt. Express

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We present a portable, multimodal, nonlinear endo-microscopy probe designed for intraoperative oncological imaging. Application of a four-wave mixing noise suppression scheme using dual wavelength wave plates (DWW) and a polarization-maintaining fiber improves tissue signal collection efficiency, allowing for miniaturization. The probe, with a small 14 mm transversal diameter, includes a customized miniaturized two-axis MEMS (micro-electromechanical system) raster scanning mirror and microoptics with an illumination laser delivered by a polarization-maintaining fiber. The probe can potentially be integrated into the arms of a surgical robot, such as da Vinci robotic surgery system, due to its minimal cross sectional area. It has the ability to incorporate multiple imaging modalities including CARS (coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering), SHG (second harmonic generation), and TPEF (two-photon excited fluorescence) in order to allow the surgeon to locate tumor cells within the context of normal stromal tissue. The resolution of the endo-microscope is experimentally determined to be 0.78 µm, a high level of accuracy for such a compact probe setup. The expected resolution of the as-built multimodal, nonlinear, endo-microscopy probe is 1 µm based on the calculation tolerance allocation using Monte-Carlo simulation. The reported probe is intended for use in laparoscopic or radical prostatectomy, including detection of tumor margins and avoidance of nerve impairment during surgery. "Label-free high-resolution imaging of prostate glands and cavernous nerves using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy," Biomed. Opt. Express 2(4), 915-926 (2011). 44. X. Xu, J. Cheng, M. J. Thrall, Z. Liu, X. Wang, and S. T. C. Wong, "Multimodal non-linear optical imaging for label-free differentiation of lung cancerous lesions from normal and desmoplastic tissues," Biomed. Opt. Express 4(12), 2855-2868 (2013).

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Fiber four-wave mixing source for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy

Cited by 85 publications

References 14 publications

Single-fiber-laser-based wavelength tunable excitation for coherent Raman spectroscopy

Single-fiber-laser-based wavelength tunable excitation for coherent Raman spectroscopy

Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy with a robust fibre laser source

Multimodal nonlinear endo-microscopy probe design for high resolution, label-free intraoperative imaging

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