Fiber connections of the corpus striatum of the monkey and baboon

Abstract

If one attempts to compare the most familiar contemporary plans of extrapyramidal connections, such as those of the Vogts, Jakob, Kappers, Huber and Crosby, Papez, Hanson, Bucy and others, it is immediately obvious that many of these arrangements are mutually exclusive and a laborious task is imposed upon the investigator who personally attempts to determine the validity for any particular pathway. This is merely a difficult academic problem for the professional anatomist but it is a pressing and practical one for the clinician who is desirous of visualizing the pathologic mechanisms of extrapyramidal syndromes. Although the literature is confusing and contradictory it is doubtful whether it is wise to discard it, as the Ransons ('41) proposed. It is, nevertheless, presently impossible, in the face of restrictions upon paper, to review preceding work and it will be assumed that the variations in the literature are sufficiently familiar so that a need for a systematic investigation of the connections of the corpus striatum will have been felt. With this end in view we have gone through the experimental material which we have collected in the last 3 years and selected the most significant cases for present study.Of the animals operated up to 3-25'43 (a tabulation of the total material available is given in Met.tler, '44) sixteen cases (15, 30, 31, 33, 36, 37, 39, 62, 63, 71, 90, 100, 101, 104

Morphometric studies of the neuropathological changes in choreatic diseases

“…The pallidum gets its afferents from the striatum, the nucleus centromedialis thalami (Mettler 1945 ;Nauta and Whitlock 1954 ;Johnson 1961), the subthalamic nucleus (Whittier and Mettler 1949 ;Carpenter and Strominger 1967) (Johnson and Clemente 1959), the nucleus interstitialis (Hassler 1956), and the lem-niscus medialis (Mettler 1945), whereas afferents from the cerebellum are not unchallenged (Mettler 1968) and those from the cortex are questionable (Truex and Carpenter 1969) . Furthermore there are the afferents from the contralateral pallidum .…”

Some Data and Perspectives on the Anatomy of the So-Called “Extrapyramidal System”

“…The occipital cortex thus appears to have a t its disposal, via the superior colliculus and the tectospinal tract, a fairly direct route for impulses to the spinal cord. The substantia nigra receives fibres from the cerebral cortex (chiefly from areas 4 and 6, Mettler, 1935Mettler, , 1945Levin, 1936; and others), perhaps also from areas 3, 1 and 2 (Uesugi, 1937). Fibres from the cortex to the subthalamic nuclefis have been reported (lgarasi, 1940; Mettler, 1945, from area 6 ) , while according to Levin (1936) the fibres from areas 4 and 6 do not reach the subthalamic nucleus but end in front of it in Forel's fields HI and H2 and the zona incerta ( fig.…”

“…The fibres from the cerebral cortex to the putamen and the caudate (projecting onto thc pallidum) have been studied relatively little (lgarasi, 1940; Glees 1944Glees , 1945Mettler, 1943Mettler, , 1945). It appears that many of these fibres which may largely be unmyelinated, (Glees, 1944) are derived from the cortical area 6 (Mettler, 1945), while about half of them come from non-frontal cortex (Mettler, 1943).…”

“…According to Hassler (Jung d Hassler, 1960, p. 872) the fibres from the caudate supply the dorsal third or fourth of the external pallidum, while those from the putamen end in its ventral two thirds. According to Mettler (1945) fibres from the dorsal part of the putamen end in the internal pallidum, those from the ventral putamen in the ventral part of the external pallidum.2 Some fibres from the external pallidum have been claimed to pass to the subthalamic nucleus (see Hassler, 1949), but most of them are short and end in the internal pallidum (Wilson, 1913-14; and others), which is the chief source of the efferent outflow from the entire striatopallidal complex (Wilson 1913-14; Ranson d Ranson, 1939; and others). As regards the details in the arrangement of the efferent pallidal fibre components, there is some confusion in the literature, apparently due partly to differences in nomenclature (see Woodburne 6 al., 1946).…”

Elektrophysiologische Analyse funktioneller Verbindungen zwischen den Hauptstrukturen des extrapyramidalen Systems

“…D u rch diese O p erationen w ird näm lich eine S tr u k tu r au sg esch altet, d er n ach d er R eg lerkreistheorie eine die M otorik h em m ende F u n k tio n zugeschrieben w ird, deren A usschal tu n g so m it die D yskinesie v ersch lim m ern sollte. W egen dieses W id er spru ch es rü c k te n A rb eiten von Mettler (1942Mettler ( , 1945Mettler ( , 1948Mettler ( ) un d H eß (1949 in den V o rd erg ru n d , in denen dem P allid u m eine die M otorik ak tiv ieren d e F u n k tio n zugeschrieben w ird. F ü r den M enschen zeigten Spiegel und W ycis, d a ß d u rch L äsion des P allid u m s unw illkürliche B ew egungen bei Chorea H u n tin g to n beseitig t w erden können, daß fern er solche L äsionen d en M uskeltonus bei P arkinsonism us herabzu-setzen verm ögen, schließlich d aß P allidum reizung den P ark in so n T rem o r zu v e rstä rk e n verm ag.…”