“…With regard to flow problems, topology optimization has been implemented for Stokes flows [9,10], creeping fluid flows [11], steady Navier-Stokes flows [12], unsteady Navier-Stokes flows [13,14], flows with body forces [15,16], turbulent flows [17,18], two-phase flows of immiscible fluids [19], electroosmotic flows [20,21] and flows of non-Newtonian fluids [22,23], etc; topology optimization for flow problems have been reviewed in [24]. With regard to interfacial patterns, researches have been implemented for stiffness and multi-material structures [25][26][27][28][29][30][31], layouts of shell structures [32][33][34][35][36][37][38], electrode patterns of electroosmosis [21], fluid-structure and fluid-particle interaction [39][40][41], energy absorption [42], cohesion [43], actuation [44] and wettability control [45][46][47], etc. ; topology optimization approaches implemented on 2-manifolds have also been developed with applications in elasticity, wettability control, heat transfer and electromagnetics [48][49]…”