Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Cardiorespiratory Monitoring: A Review

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227

137

Respiratory rate is a fundamental vital sign that is sensitive to different pathological conditions (e.g., adverse cardiac events, pneumonia, and clinical deterioration) and stressors, including emotional stress, cognitive load, heat, cold, physical effort, and exercise-induced fatigue. The sensitivity of respiratory rate to these conditions is superior compared to that of most of the other vital signs, and the abundance of suitable technological solutions measuring respiratory rate has important implications for healthcare, occupational settings, and sport. However, respiratory rate is still too often not routinely monitored in these fields of use. This review presents a multidisciplinary approach to respiratory monitoring, with the aim to improve the development and efficacy of respiratory monitoring services. We have identified thirteen monitoring goals where the use of the respiratory rate is invaluable, and for each of them we have described suitable sensors and techniques to monitor respiratory rate in specific measurement scenarios. We have also provided a physiological rationale corroborating the importance of respiratory rate monitoring and an original multidisciplinary framework for the development of respiratory monitoring services. This review is expected to advance the field of respiratory monitoring and favor synergies between different disciplines to accomplish this goal.

Section: Measurement and Computingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Importance of Respiratory Rate Monitoring: From Healthcare to Sport and Exercise

Nicolò

Massaroni

Schena

et al. 2020

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227

137

“…The FBG is one of the most common wavelength-selective fiber components and is utilized in fiber resonators operating at the so called Bragg Wavelength λ b . FBGs are an excellent tool to measure temperature variations, since the sensitivity to temperature is encoded directly in the λ b [28].…”

Section: Temperature Measurement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micro-Fabricated RTD Based Sensor for Breathing Analysis and Monitoring

Neji

Ferko

Ghandour

et al. 2021

The design, micro-fabrication, and characterization of a resistance temperature detector (RTD) based micro sensor for minimally invasive breathing analysis and monitoring is presented. Experimental results demonstrate that the change in air temperature while inhaling and exhaling can be transduced into a time varying electrical signal, which is subsequently used to determine the breathing frequency (respiratory rate). The RTD is placed into a Wheatstone bridge to simultaneously reduce the sensor’s output noise and improve overall system accuracy. The proposed design could potentially aid health care providers in the determination of respiratory rates, which is of critical importance during the current COVID-19 pandemic.

“…Dragon Skin™ materials (commercialized by Smooth On Inc., Macungie, PA, USA) are platinum care bicomponent silicone rubbers used in a variety of scenarios, including medical fields (e.g., in prosthetics as cushioning materials and in physiological monitoring for flexible sensor development [30,31]). They are highly compliant and highly flexible.…”

Section: Dragon Skin™ Siliconesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An fMRI Compatible Smart Device for Measuring Palmar Grasping Actions in Newborns

Presti

Dall’Orso

Muceli

et al. 2020

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Grasping is one of the first dominant motor behaviors that enable interaction of a newborn infant with its surroundings. Although atypical grasping patterns are considered predictive of neuromotor disorders and injuries, their clinical assessment suffers from examiner subjectivity, and the neuropathophysiology is poorly understood. Therefore, the combination of technology with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may help to precisely map the brain activity associated with grasping and thus provide important insights into how functional outcomes can be improved following cerebral injury. This work introduces an MR-compatible device (i.e., smart graspable device (SGD)) for detecting grasping actions in newborn infants. Electromagnetic interference immunity (EMI) is achieved using a fiber Bragg grating sensor. Its biocompatibility and absence of electrical signals propagating through the fiber make the safety profile of the SGD particularly favorable for use with fragile infants. Firstly, the SGD design, fabrication, and metrological characterization are described, followed by preliminary assessments on a preterm newborn infant and an adult during an fMRI experiment. The results demonstrate that the combination of the SGD and fMRI can safely and precisely identify the brain activity associated with grasping behavior, which may enable early diagnosis of motor impairment and help guide tailored rehabilitation programs.