“…The detailed modeling performed during the development phases of hybrid electric vehicle control systems focuses mainly on individual powertrain components such as the engine, electric machines, transmission, and battery and aims to provide detailed information about the specific characteristics of the modeled component as shown in Table A1 [10,15]. The vehicle road load curve and battery cell characteristics are shown in Figure 2 [21,22,30]. Depending on the driving conditions, this configuration allows for various operating modes such as pure electric mode, series hybrid mode, and parallel hybrid mode according to power distribution [9,13,17,20,[24][25][26].…”