Fetal tolerance in human pregnancy—A crucial balance between acceptance and limitation of trophoblast invasion

Rango, Ulrike von

doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2007.09.014

Cited by 119 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…This theory and its predictions have inner contradictions. I) Cells of the embryo or fetus circulate in the maternal blood during pregnancy (Johnson, Stroh, Khosrotehrani, and Bianchi, 2007;von Rango, 2008), thus after the first pregnancy with a male embryo, mothers should produce anti-male factors and should have siblings with low SR (this is the true expectancy of the hypothesis) and not high SR as the FBO authors have assumed. After two or more brothers, the probability of being a male or a heterosexual male should decrease to nearly zero (Green, 2000).…”

Section: Discussion and The New Hypothesis Based On Fetal-maternal Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2) The necessary general system of maternal tolerance to embryos and fetuses that makes pregnancy (an allograft) possible involves the decidua, hormones, natural immunity, immunocytes, dendritic cells, cytokines, HLA and several other immune functions and systems and stops immune maternal rejection reaction (Ober, 1992;Szekeres, 2002;Le Bouteiller and Tabiasco, 2006;Davies, 2007;von Rango 2008). We call this the general mother-embryo tolerance system (GM-E-T), which develops primarily during embryo and fetal ontogeny, (3) a probable primary non-immune system that, at an early stage of development, leads zygotes or embryos with alleles different from maternal alleles to induce pregnancy and maternal tolerance better than zygotes or embryos who share both alleles with their mothers, Valenzuela, 1985Valenzuela, , 1987Valenzuela and Walton, 1985;Lucarini et al, 1995;von Rango, 2008). We call this the SAN system; here it is called the specific maternal zygote embryo tolerance rejection (SM-ZE-TR) system.…”

Section: Tolerance-rejection Zygote-embryo-fetus-mother Processes Accmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zygotes or embryos whose genotypes are equal to the maternal one have more difficulty in being implanted or are lost immediately after implantation. The mechanism by which embryos different from their mothers induces more pregnancies and maternal tolerance is likely related to the need that the zygote or embryo to be recognized by the maternal immune system in order to be accepted (Szekeres-Bartho, 2002;von Rango, 2008); embryos different from their mothers are recognized better. This specific system fills in the knowledge gap about the factor that maintains polymorphisms in placental mammals.…”

Section: Tolerance-rejection Zygote-embryo-fetus-mother Processes Accmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this evolutionary context it is important to remark that in these same studies we found an association between the phenotypes of the Rh system and the plasma iron binding capacity (transferrin) level; phenotypes with CeD haplotype (the most hemolytic one in fetomaternal incompatibility) was associated with the highest iron binding capacity in Chile and Colombia (Valenzuela, Avendaño and Harb, 1991;Valenzuela, Bravo and Alarcon, 1995). Zygotes or embryos communicate to the mother (through some unknown molecular or cellular mechanism in the oviduct or the uterus at the first week of implantation) that his or her genome has a spectrum of genes equal to and different from those of the maternal genome (Valenzuela et al, 1980;1981;Valenzuela, 1985Valenzuela, , 1987Valenzuela, , 1996Valenzuela and Walton, 1985;Lucarini et al, 1995;Szekeres-Bartho, 2002;von Rango, 2008). Zygote or embryo losses occur early because mothers do not register them as an abortion (Valenzuela et al, , 1984Valenzuela, 1985Valenzuela, , 1987Valenzuela, , 1996, and the analysis of waiting times after losses indicate that they occur before the third or fourth week post-fertilization.…”

Section: Tolerance-rejection Zygote-embryo-fetus-mother Processes Accmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexual orientation, handedness, sex ratio and fetomaternal tolerance-rejection

Valenzuela

2010

Biol. Res.

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Fraternal birth order (FBO) appears as a prenatal cause of 15% of homosexual males (gays) through mnemonic maternal anti-male factors. Non-right-handed men seem to be protected from homosexuality. Four hypotheses are proposed: (1) androgenic factors of nonright-handedness neutralize anti-male factors; (2) non-right-handedness and homosexuality are lethal or produce mental impairment; (3) non-right-handed male embryos are insensitive to anti-male factors; (4) mothers of non-right-handed fetuses do not produce antimale factors. Studies of the sex ratio (SR) of older and younger siblings show: (1) a significant heterogeneity in the SR of siblings of right or non-right handed heterosexual men and women; (2) lesbians are born among siblings with high SR; (3) siblings of righthanded gays show a higher SR than non-right-handed gays that present a low SR. Based on our discovery of maternal tolerancerejection processes, associated with genetic systems (ABO, Rh), where zygotes or embryos different from their mother induce better pregnancy and maternal tolerance than do those that share antigens with their mothers, I propose a new explanation for sexual relationships, sexual orientation, handedness and sibling SR. Lesbian embryos could induce tolerance from mothers with anti-female factors. Non-right-handedness could induce maternal tolerance, or change the maternal compatibility of "gay" embryos. Alternatively, gay embryos could be poor inducers of maternal tolerance towards male traits.Key terms: homosexuality, handedness, sex ratio, birth order, fetomoternal tolerance, genetic distortions biological brothers, reared together or apart from the index homosexual case, are responsible for FBO effect. The probability of being homosexual increases as the number of older brothers increases. Handedness interacts with homosexuality and the SR of siblings; homosexuality, due to FBO, affects non-right-handed men less (Blanchard, 2001(Blanchard, , 2004Blanchard and Bogaert, 1996;Cantor et al., 2002;Bogaert, 2003Bogaert, , 2005Bogaert, , 2006, a relationship explained hypothetically by four prenatal mechanisms Lippa, 2006, 2007;Blanchard, 2008): (1) androgenic factors associated with non-right-handedness could cancel maternal anti-male factors leading to homosexuality; (2) homosexuality and non-right-handedness together may lead to death, neuro-psychic impairment or any condition that confers a low probability of being ascertained; (3) non-right handed fetuses my be insensitive to maternal anti-male factors; (4) mothers of non-right handed fetuses do not produce anti-male factors. The FBO was found also in transsexuals whose sexual identity, rather than their sexual orientation, is altered (Green, 2000). These hypotheses are in contradiction with the fact that non-righthandedness is more frequent in homosexual men (gays) and women (lesbians) than in heterosexuals (Lalumiére et al., 2000; this study). A hypothetical reconciliation of these contradictory facts was presented by Blanchard (2008). The authors (of the FBO hypoth...

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Section: Discussion and The New Hypothesis Based On Fetal-maternal Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tolerance-rejection Zygote-embryo-fetus-mother Processes Accmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tolerance-rejection Zygote-embryo-fetus-mother Processes Accmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Tolerance-rejection Zygote-embryo-fetus-mother Processes Accmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Sexual orientation, handedness, sex ratio and fetomaternal tolerance-rejection

Valenzuela

2010

Biol. Res.

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show abstract

“…Nas fases mais avançadas da gestação, o citotrofoblasto mostra-se bastante reduzido; nas vilosidades de uma placenta a termo, é quase inexistente (GUIBOURDENCHE et al, 2009;VON RANGO, 2008).…”

Section: 48unclassified