Fetal Metabolic Stress Disrupts Immune Homeostasis and Induces Proinflammatory Responses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1– and Combination Antiretroviral Therapy–Exposed Infants

Abstract

SummaryHere, we show that the mitochondrial and lipid metabolism in uninfected infants born to HIV-1–infected women and with prenatal exposure to combination antiretroviral therapy is dysregulated and is associated with enhanced immune activation.

A nationwide passive surveillance on fungal infections shows a low burden of azole resistance in molds and yeasts in Tyrol, Austria

“…Posaconazole resistance in A. terreus was newly detected in a few isolates; however, these isolates were collected between 2007 and 2009. Some countries report an alarmingly increase of antifungal resistance development within the past, with azole-resistant A. fumigatus displaying the major threat [ 4 ]. In Tyrol, fungal in vitro susceptibility data have not changed tremendously; conspicuous trends were not observed.…”

“…Azole antifungal drugs are the first line of therapy against A. fumigatus , a common etiologic agent of aspergillosis [ 8 ]. Resistance to azole drugs has been associated with treatment failure and deaths in patients with aspergillosis [ 4 ]. However, azole resistance in A. fumigatus has been documented in many regions in the past decade.…”

“…However, azole resistance in A. fumigatus has been documented in many regions in the past decade. Why neighbouring countries and others display such increase of azole-resistant A. fumigatus is unknown yet; it is hypothesized that the environment displays major sources due to agricultural usage of azoles [ 4 ].…”

“…In Austria, a continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance is required by law; the idea is to increase the awareness of health-care associated infections, to provide data which support national and international comparison, and at least to provide reference data. Hence, within the last 10 years, we performed a nationwide passive surveillance on antifungal drug resistance and notice a low rate of drug resistance in molds when compared to other countries [ 4 ].…”

Altered Toll-Like Receptor-4 Response to Lipopolysaccharides in Infants Exposed to HIV-1 and Its Preventive Therapy

“…Viral particles including HIV are known to induce the production and activate complement C3 ( 33 – 35 ). Also, studies showed that fetal exposure to HIV and ART skews newborns infant’s physiological immune responses toward inflammation ( 36 ). Therefore, HEU infants in utero exposure to HIV particles and pro-inflammatory environment ( 37 ) could explain the higher level of complement C3 found in HEU infants.…”