Fetal exposure to high isoflurane concentration induces postnatal memory and learning deficits in rats

Effects of sevoflurane on apoptosis, BDNF and cognitive functions in neonatal rats

“…In studies with seven-day-old rats where loss of pyramidal neurons was induced, levels of caspase 3 were increased in the hippocampus upon administration of sevofl urane, propofol and ketamine (17,(21)(22)(23)(24). In our study, cortex caspase 3 levels were found to be signifi cantly higher in the sevofl urane group compared to the control group.…”

“…Nine hours of 20 mg/kg ketamine treatment was reported to increase total BDNF protein levels in the brain (16). In 10-day-old mice 24 hours after propofol administration, BDNF protein levels were reported to decrease in the parietal cortex, but increased in the frontal cortex and hippocampus (17). The BDNF levels in the hippocampus were increased by ketamine, but remained unchanged when treated with propofol alone or in combination with ketamine (18).…”

Alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist GTS-21 mitigates isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in aged rats

“…In contrast to the changes of proinflammatory cytokines, the tendency of increased apoptosis in the hippocampal CA1 region of the rats exposed to 1.3% isoflurane is in agreement with the impaired performance of these rats in the water maze test. Because hippocampal neuronal apoptosis [5,10,11,25], amyloid pathology [26], cholinergic dysfunction [27], and synaptic ultrastructure impairments [5,10,11,28], and so forth were postulated to be associated with isoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction, the phenomenon may be caused by detrimental effects of isoflurane in the early phase, such as acute neuroinflammation, so that the previously mentioned events subsequently occur and lead to the delayed cognitive dysfunction.…”

Endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway mediates isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis and cognitive impairments in aged rats

“…The Morris Water Maze test was performed as described in our previously study [16,17]. A round pool (diameter, 150 cm; depth, 50 cm) was filled with warm (24°C) opaque water to a height of 1.5 cm above the top of the movable clear 15-cm-diameter platform in the third quadrant.…”

“…The phenomenon is receiving increasing attention. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of isofluraneinduced hippocampal neuronal loss and cognitive impairments are Physiology & Behavior 151 (2015) [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] complex and still not completely established. It is acknowledged that ERS is acted as an early or initial response of cells to stress or damage and related to neuronal injury or death in several neurodegenerative diseases [9,10].…”