Fetal cardiac interventricular septum: volume assessment by 3D/4D ultrasound using spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) and virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL)

Rôlo, Líliam Cristine; Santana, Eduardo Felix Martins; Silva, Priscila Henriques da; Costa, Fabrício da Silva; Nardozza, Luciano Marcondes Machado; Tonni, Gabriele; Moron, Antônio Fernandes

doi:10.3109/14767058.2014.955005

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…34 We believe that using a standardized technique for collecting fetal heart 3D volumes, the rate of 3D low-quality volumes is small, not compromising the application of STIC M-mode in the clinical practice. In the same way, in a previous study of our group, which established reference range for fetal heart interventricular septum volume using STIC in normal pregnancies without a BMI of more than 30 kg/m 2 as exclusion criterion, 35 the success rate of fetal heart 3D volumes of high quality was 100% following the criteria of Gonçalves et al 16 We believe, despite the high rate of diabetic pregnant women with a BMI of more than 30 kg/m 2 , this exclusion criterion will not affect the application of STIC M-mode in the clinical practice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Because of these limitations, our group established 33 weeks and 6 days as the superior limit for studies with STIC. [34][35][36] STIC mimics one single cardiac cycle such that in fetuses with normal cardiac conduction, a single cardiac cycle represents the real fetal heart rhythm, which is reproduced on the screen. As the fetal heart 3D volumes are not subject to interference of fetal movements or maternal breathing, we believe that the intraobserver variability represents the real TAPSE variability measurement.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fetal Heart Function by Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion and Ventricular Shortening Fraction Using STIC M-Mode: Reference Ranges and Validation

et al. 2017

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Objective To determine the reference values for fetal tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (f-TAPSE) and fetal ventricular shortening fraction (f-VSF) using spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) with M-mode, and validate these curves in fetuses of pregnant women with preexisting diabetes mellitus (DM) and with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Study Design Crosssectional study assessed 300 fetal cardiac volumes of normal pregnancies between 20 and 33 + 6 weeks of gestation. For the construction of the reference curves, we used a polynomial regression model adjusted with the coefficient of determination (R2). For the calculation of reproducibility, the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) was used. Results f-TAPSE value correlated with gestational age (GA, R2 = 0.46), whereas fetal right ventricular shortening fraction (f-RVSF, R2 = 0.02) and fetal left ventricular shortening fraction (f-LVSF, R2 = 0.005) did not vary with GA. Fetuses of pregnant women with preexisting DM (30) had lower values of f-RVSF (p = 0.028), f-LVSF (p = 0.001), and f-TAPSE (p = 0.009) than normal fetuses. The f-TAPSE values were lower (p = 0.005) in IUGR group (17). The f-TASPSE values showed adequate reliability as well as good intra and interobserver concordance (CCC = 0.95 and 0.79, respectively). Conclusion The reference ranges for f-TAPSE, f-RVSF, and f-LVSF using the STIC M-mode were established and had good reproducibility for f-TAPSE measurements.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fetal Heart Function by Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion and Ventricular Shortening Fraction Using STIC M-Mode: Reference Ranges and Validation

et al. 2017

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“…Im zweiten und dritten Trimenon können komplexe Organe, wie z. B. das fetale Herz [8, 10,18,22,24] oder das fetale Gehirn [7,19,23,25,26], tomografisch exakt untersucht werden. Herzfehler wie auch Gefäßanomalien lassen sich unter Einbeziehung des Farbdopplers dreidimensional darstellen [18,27,28].…”

Section: Years Of 3 D Ultrasound In Prenatal Diagnosisunclassified

25 Years of 3D Ultrasound in Prenatal Diagnosis (1989–2014)

Merz¹

2015

Ultraschall in Med

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25 years of 3?D ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis represent an important milestone in recent ultrasound history. The initial stages of 3?D ultrasound were anything but easy. Although there were reports of initial experimental in-vitro ultrasound studies as early as the 1970s and 1980s 1 2, clinical use did not begin until the first commercial 3?D ultrasound unit (Combison 330, Kretztechnik Zipf, Austria) was introduced in 1989 (Fig.?1) 3 4. With this unit it became possible for the first time to produce so-called multiplanar (=?triplanar) images. This means that it was possible to display the three orthogonal two-dimensional image planes at the same time on the monitor (Fig.?2). Volume acquisition via a relatively large abdominal 3?D probe, which ? in contrast to the 2?D probe ? had to be held at a right angle to acquire a longitudinal scan, was unfamiliar (Fig.?3a, b). In contrast to the abdominal 3?D probe that acquired a pyramid-shaped volume with motor-controlled mechanical fan-shaped sweep of the scanning plane, a rotation method was selected for the volume acquisition with the 3?D vaginal probe for reasons of space. However, this had the disadvantage of central overlapping of all sectional planes resulting in limited image quality at the center (Fig.?3c, d). This disadvantage could not be eliminated until it became possible to perform a motor-controlled mechanical fan-shaped sweep of the imaging plane for volume acquisition with the 3?D vaginal probe. The introduction of the so-called surface mode made it possible to visualize surface images of the fetus and embryo with an abdominal as well as a vaginal 3?D probe. Due to the substantial processing power that this required, it initially (1992) took 6?hours to create one surface image with an external computer. Today a surface rendering of one image takes between 20 and 50 milliseconds depending on the volume. Parallel to this so-called internal or integrated system in which the complete 3?D unit is permanently integrated in the ultrasound unit and the 3?D probes are matched to the system (Fig.?4) 5, so-called external 3?D systems (e.?g. TomTec, Echotech, InViVo-System), in which acquisitions can be performed using any conventional 2?D probe, were also developed 5. An electromagnetic position sensor must simply be attached to the probe so that the transducer position and movements can be recorded on the basis of changes in the magnetic field (Fig.?4). After transfer of the individual 2?D images to a workstation, the images and their individual positions are assembled by a computer program to form a volume. The disadvantage of external systems is that the distances between the individual two-dimensional image planes are usually not identical due to the manual probe guidance, resulting in a lower volume quality, and that 4?D display is not possible 5. Due to the initial problems with 3?D ultrasound, many experienced 2?D ultrasound operators were initially skeptical of this new technique. Therefore, 3?D ultrasound was viewed as a difficult, inconvenient, and unn...

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“…Furthermore, spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) [4,8] and fetal heart assessment by 4D ultrasound have been improved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D/4D sonography – any safety problem

Pooh¹,

Maeda

Kurjak

et al. 2016

Journal of Perinatal Medicine

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Gray-scale image data are processed in 3D ultrasound by repeated scans of multiple planes within a few seconds to achieve one surface rendering image and three perpendicular plane images. The 4D image is achieved by repeating 3D images in short intervals, i.e. 3D and 4D ultrasound are based on simple B-mode images. During 3D/4D acquisition, a fetus in utero is exposed by ultrasound beam for only a few seconds, and it is as short as real-time B-mode scanning. Therefore, simple 3D imaging is as safe as a simple B-mode scan. The 4D ultrasound is also as safe as a simple B-mode scan, but the ultrasound exposure should be shorter than 30 min. The thermal index (TI) and mechanical index (MI) should both be lower than 1.0, and the ultrasound study is regulated by the Doppler ultrasound if it is combined with simple 3D or 4D ultrasound. Recently, some articles have reported the functional changes of animal fetal brain neuronal cells and liver cell apoptosis with Doppler ultrasound. We discuss cell apoptosis by ultrasound in this report. Diagnostic ultrasound safety is achieved by controlling the output pulse and continuous ultrasound waves using thermal and mechanical indices, which should be <1.0 in abdominal and transvaginal scan, pulsed Doppler, as well as 3D and 4D ultrasound. The lowest spatial peak temporal average (SPTA) intensity of the ultrasound to suppress cultured cell growth is 240 mW/cm2, below which no ultrasound effect has been reported. An ultrasound user must be trained to recognize the ultrasound bioeffects; thermal and mechanical indices, and how to reduce these when they are higher than 1.0 on the monitor display; and guide the proper use of the ultrasound under the ALARA principle, because the user is responsible for ensuring ultrasound safety.

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Fetal cardiac interventricular septum: volume assessment by 3D/4D ultrasound using spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) and virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL)

Abstract: Reference values for fetal IVS volume using STIC and VOCAL by 3D/4D ultrasound between 18w0d and 33w6d of gestation were determined and showed to be reliable and concordant.

Cited by 20 publications

References 22 publications

Fetal Heart Function by Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion and Ventricular Shortening Fraction Using STIC M-Mode: Reference Ranges and Validation

Fetal Heart Function by Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion and Ventricular Shortening Fraction Using STIC M-Mode: Reference Ranges and Validation

25 Years of 3D Ultrasound in Prenatal Diagnosis (1989–2014)

3D/4D sonography – any safety problem

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