Fetal Breathing Movements and Changes at Birth

Koos, Brian J.; Rajaee, Arezoo

doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1031-1_8

Cited by 44 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…FBMs become more frequent with increasing maternal glycaemia or in hypercapnia, whereas they are reduced or even abolished by nicotine, hypoxia, alcohol and drug (opiates) exposure in utero . Severe oxygen deprivation stimulates deep, gasping-type efforts, inducing the fetus to aspire meconium and/or other amniotic fluid [ 1 ].…”

Section: The Breath Of the Human Fetusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The clearing lung process starts in parallel to labour and consists of two mechanisms: 1)uterine contraction-induced alteration of chest wall configuration of the fetus with consequent increase of transpulmonary pressure gradient that drives the fluid outside the lungs; and 2)release of fetal adrenaline to activate the sodium channels on the apical pulmonary surface that stimulate the epithelial cells to stop secreting lung fluid and to start reabsorbing it. Compared to infants exposed to labour, infants born by caesarean section are more likely to retain more liquid in their lungs and this may limit the amount of air entering into their airways at the first breath [ 1 , 2 ].…”

Section: Birth Transition: Preparing For the First Breathmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During expiration, occasional breaths present alternations between low- or zero-flow periods and short or multiple expiratory flow peaks resulting in high positive airway pressure, secondary to respiratory muscle contractions that pressurise the air inside the lungs. This pattern is known as expiratory braking [ 1 , 4 ].…”

Section: Onset Of Continuous Breathing: Expiratory Brakingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Physiology masterclass: Extremes of age: newborn and infancy

LoMauro

Aliverti

2016

Breathe

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Section: The Breath Of the Human Fetusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Birth Transition: Preparing For the First Breathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Onset Of Continuous Breathing: Expiratory Brakingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physiology masterclass: Extremes of age: newborn and infancy

LoMauro

Aliverti

2016

Breathe

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“…In the tadpole, the lung oscillator is sparsely active, nonrhythmic, and is likely used for non-respiratory and developmental purposes such as promoting normal development of the lung sacs, aiding lymph recirculation, and regulating buoyancy (Crowder et al, 1998;Hedrick et al, 2007). Interestingly, a developmental role would mirror the proposed function of fetal breathing movements in mammals, which are likewise known to be crude and poorly coordinated compared to those that occur after birth (Koos and Rajaee, 2014). Consequently, given the character of its primary role at early stages, the lung oscillator may not need to be fully integrated into the respiratory rhythm generating network in the tadpole.…”

Section: Why Are Tadpole Lung and Buccal Rhythms Not Coupled At The Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental Maturation of Functional Coupling Between Ventilatory Oscillators in the American Bullfrog

Trask

Baghdadwala

Wilson

2018

Developmental Neurobiology

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Many vital motor behaviors – including locomotion, swallowing, and breathing – appear to be dependent upon the activity of and coordination between multiple endogenously rhythmogenic nuclei, or neural oscillators. Much as the functional development of sensory circuits is shaped during maturation, we hypothesized that coordination of oscillators involved in motor control may likewise be maturation‐dependent, i.e., coupling and coordination between oscillators change over development. We tested this hypothesis using the bullfrog isolated brainstem preparation to study the metamorphic transition of ventilatory motor patterns from early rhythmic buccal (water) ventilation in the tadpole to the mature pattern of rhythmic buccal and lung (air) ventilation in the adult. Spatially distinct oscillators drive buccal and lung bursts in the isolated brainstem; we found these oscillators to be active but functionally uncoupled in the tadpole. Over the course of metamorphosis, the rhythms produced by the buccal and lung oscillators become increasingly tightly coordinated. These changes parallel the progression of structural and behavioral changes in the animal, with adult levels of coupling arising by the metamorphic stage (forelimb eruption). These findings suggest that oscillator coupling undergoes a maturation process similar to the refinement of sensory circuits over development.

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“…In contrast to postnatal respiration, fetal breathing involves fluid-filled lungs, minimal pulmonary expansion, prolonged apneas, modulation by glycemia, independence of normal fluctuations in respiratory gases, expression limited to specific behavioral states, and inhibition by moderate hypoxia (47). Thus, parturitional changes critical for survival involve the onset of continuous breathing and hypoxic hyperpnea.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thalamic mediation of hypoxic respiratory depression in lambs

Koos

Rajaee

Ibe

et al. 2016

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Koos BJ, Rajaee A, Ibe B, Guerra C, Kruger L. Thalamic mediation of hypoxic respiratory depression in lambs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 310: R586 -R595, 2016. First published January 28, 2016 doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00412.2015.-Immaturity of respiratory controllers in preterm infants dispose to recurrent apnea and oxygen deprivation. Accompanying reductions in brain oxygen tensions evoke respiratory depression, potentially exacerbating hypoxemia. Central respiratory depression during moderate hypoxia is revealed in the ventilatory decline following initial augmentation. This study determined whether the thalamic parafascicular nuclear (Pf) complex involved in adult nociception and sensorimotor regulation (Bentivoglio M, Balerecia G, Kruger L. Prog Brain Res 87: 53-80, 1991) also becomes a postnatal controller of hypoxic ventilatory decline. Respiratory responses to moderate isocapnic hypoxia were studied in conscious lambs. Hypoxic ventilatory decline was compared with peak augmentation. Pf and/or adjacent thalamic structures were destroyed by the neuron-specific toxin ibotenic acid (IB). IB lesions involving the thalamic Pf abolished hypoxic ventilatory decline. Lesions of adjacent thalamic nuclei that spared Pf and control injections of vehicle failed to blunt hypoxic respiratory depression. Our findings reveal that the thalamic Pf region is a critical controller of hypoxic ventilatory depression and thus a key target for exploring molecular concomitants of forebrain pathways regulating hypoxic ventilatory depression in early development. brain; biphasic ventilation; hypoxia; respiratory inhibition; thalamus; sheep THE CRITICAL TRANSITION FROM fetus to newborn depends upon timely transfer of respiratory gas exchange from the placenta to lung and an essential change in respiratory control. In contrast to postnatal respiration, fetal breathing involves fluid-filled lungs, minimal pulmonary expansion, prolonged apneas, modulation by glycemia, independence of normal fluctuations in respiratory gases, expression limited to specific behavioral states, and inhibition by moderate hypoxia (47). Thus, parturitional changes critical for survival involve the onset of continuous breathing and hypoxic hyperpnea. Pioneering studies at Cambridge (5) and Oxford (20,21,39) revealed the uniqueness of the control of respiratory muscles in fetal sheep. The ovine model had considerable advantages in resistance to surgery-induced labor, and the large fetus facilitated instrumentation and measurement of blood gases and pH. This work and subsequent discoveries in sheep (e.g., Refs. 10,12,13,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,71,92) were instrumental in establishing the foundation for perinatal medicine.Immaturity of central respiratory controllers dispose newborns to recurrent apnea and thus O 2 deprivation. Respiratory responses to hypoxic stress include a rapid-onset stimulation (augmentation) followed by a gradual decline (depression). Putative O 2 sensors in the supramedullary brain stem (9, 52, 58, 81, 82, 90) mediate the depressant ...

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Fetal Breathing Movements and Changes at Birth

Cited by 44 publications

References 48 publications

Physiology masterclass: Extremes of age: newborn and infancy

Physiology masterclass: Extremes of age: newborn and infancy

Developmental Maturation of Functional Coupling Between Ventilatory Oscillators in the American Bullfrog

Thalamic mediation of hypoxic respiratory depression in lambs

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