Fetal and Postnatal Growth and Body Composition at 6 Months of Age

Ay, Lamise; Houten, Vera A A van; Steegers, Eric A.P.; Hofman, Albert; Witteman, Jacqueline C. M.; Jaddoe, Vincent W. V.; Hokken-Koelega, Anita C S

doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2045

Cited by 63 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Similar results were reported by Ay et al, 30 who found a stronger association of weight gain with FM than with lean body mass at 6 months. Chomtho et al 6 showed in a sample of children who were born healthy at term, that growth during the first 6 months of life was associated more strongly with FM than with fat-free mass during childhood and adolescence.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Effect of protein intake and weight gain velocity on body fat mass at 6 months of age: The EU Childhood Obesity Programme

et al. 2012

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for the European Childhood Obesity Trial Study Group 4 INTRODUCTION: Higher protein intake during the first year of life is associated with increased weight gain velocity and body mass index (BMI). However, the relationship of protein intake and weight gain velocity with body composition is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To assess if the increases in weight gain velocity and BMI induced by protein intake early in life are related to an increase in fat or fat-free mass. MATERIALS AND METHODS:In all, 41 infants randomized at birth to a higher or lower protein content formula (HP ¼ 17 and LP ¼ 24, respectively) and 25 breastfed infants were included. Anthropometric measures were assessed at baseline, 6, 12 and 24 months, and fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were assessed by isotope dilution at 6 months. RESULTS: Weight gain velocity (g per month) during the first 6 months of life was significantly higher among HP infants (807.8 ( ± 93.8) vs 724.2 ( ± 110.0) (P ¼ 0.015)). Weight gain velocity strongly correlated with FM z-score (r ¼ 0.564, Po0.001) but showed no association with FFM z-scores. FFM showed no association with BMI. Nevertheless, FM strongly correlated with BMI at 6, 12 and 24 months (r ¼ 0.475, Po0.001; r ¼ 0.332, P ¼ 0.007 and r ¼ 0.247, P ¼ 0.051, respectively). FFM and FM z-scores did not differ significantly between HP and LP infants (0.32 ± 1.75 vs À0.31 ± 1.17 and 0.54 ± 2.81 vs À0.02 ± 1.65, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our findings support the hypothesis that higher protein intakes early in life are associated with faster weight gain and in turn to higher adiposity. This mechanism could be a determinant factor for later obesity risk.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Effect of protein intake and weight gain velocity on body fat mass at 6 months of age: The EU Childhood Obesity Programme

et al. 2012

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“…Early postnatal catch-up growth has been reported to be a risk factor for insulin resistance (39) or elevated blood pressure (40) in later life. Furthermore, infants with growth faltering in the third trimester have shown more catch-up growth in the first 6 wk of life, which was related to increased fat mass at 6 mo (41). The altered intrauterine growth observed in infants born to FA users may expose them to higher risks for chronic diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elevated Maternal Serum Folate in the Third Trimester and Reduced Fetal Growth: A Longitudinal Study

Takimoto¹,

Hayashi

Kusama

et al. 2011

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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SummaryThis study aimed to examine the association of fetal growth and elevated third trimester maternal serum folate due to folic acid (FA) supplement intake. Dietary intake, use of FA supplements, weight, and blood biomarkers of B-vitamins (serum folate, pyridoxal, vitamin B 12 , and plasma total homocysteine) were observed in 33 healthy pregnant women at the third trimester (average gestational age 35 wk). Birth outcomes were assessed through hospital birth records. Infant anthropometry and maternal blood biomarkers were followed up at 1 mo postpartum. Fourteen women were taking FA supplements at the third trimester. Dietary intake was similar among FA users and non-users, but serum folate and pyridoxal were significantly higher in users (11.6 Ϯ 6.7 vs. 6.1 Ϯ 3.2 ng/mL, and 13.8 Ϯ 21.7 vs. 3.2 Ϯ 1.4 ng/mL, respectively). Plasma total homocystein (tHcy) was higher in non-users compared to users, but not significantly. Nine FA users and eight non-users had low serum vitamin B 12 values ( Ͻ 203 pg/mL). Nine FA users and all non-users had low serum pyridoxal values ( Ͻ 7.0 ng/mL). Infant birthweight was significantly lower in users compared to non-users (2,894 Ϯ 318 vs. 3,154 Ϯ 230 g). At 1 mo postpartum, infant weight and length were similar between FA users and non-users, but infant weight gain was larger in users. Higher serum folate values due to FA use in the third trimester was related to reduced fetal size. Excess FA under low vitamin B 6 and B 12 status may affect fetal growth. Key Words pregnancy, folate, supplement use, birthweight Periconceptional folic acid (FA) supplements are currently recommended to women planning pregnancy, to avoid fetal neural tube defects (NTDs) ( 1 ) in Japan, and many other countries ( 2 ). Before its effect on NTD prevention was found, FA supplementation was previously known for its effect in preventing anemia in pregnancy ( 3 , 4 ). However, a number of recent studies have focused on other relations of folate to pregnancy health, such as pregnancy-induced hypertension ( 5-8 ), placental abruption ( 9 ), fetal growth restriction ( 10 ), and preterm birth ( 11 ), suggesting extended FA supplementation to reduce risks for these adverse pregnancy outcomes. While FA supplementation throughout pregnancy has been considered safe, concerns are arising on the long-term health effects of synthesized folate on infant health. Excess FA may induce changes to the genetic expression of the fetus, such as observed in animal experiments ( 12 , 13 ). This may pose lifetime changes to the health status of the offspring.Folate is an essential component in various metabolic processes, such as one-carbon transfer reactions including formate oxidation, amino acid metabolism and biosynthesis of thymidylate and purines ( 14 ). In regenerating methione from homocysteine, methionine synthase catalyzes the cobalamin-dependent transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate. Homocysteine is also catalyzed into cysteine through the transsulfuration pathway, which involves cystathionine ␤ -synt...

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“…Measurements at these visits included physical examinations (height, weight, head circumference, skinfold thickness and waist-hip ratio, Touwen's Neurodevelopmental Examination at the ages of 1.5, 6, 14, and 24 months) and ultrasound examinations (brain structures at 1.5 months and cardiac and kidney structures at the ages of 1.5, 6 and 24 months, abdominal fat at the age of 24 months) [224][225][226][227][228][229][230][231][232][233][234][235][236][237]. Dual 9 Energy Absorptiometry (DXA) scanning was performed in a subgroup of children at the age of 6 months [238]. Similarly Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) has been measured in only 50% of all children at the ages of 6 and 24 months.…”

Section: Questionnairesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2012

et al. 2012

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The Generation R Study is a population-based prospective cohort study from fetal life until young adulthood. The study is designed to identify early environmental and genetic causes of normal and abnormal growth, development and health during fetal life, childhood and adulthood. The study focuses on four primary areas of research: (1) growth and physical development; (2) behavioural and cognitive development; (3) diseases in childhood; and (4) health and healthcare for pregnant women and children. In total, 9,778 mothers with a delivery date from April 2002 until January 2006 were enrolled in the study. General follow-up rates until the age of 4 years exceed 75%. Data collection in mothers, fathers and preschool children included questionnaires, detailed physical and ultrasound examinations, behavioural observations, and biological samples. A genome wide association screen is available in the participating children. Regular detailed hands on assessment are performed from the age of 5 years onwards. Eventually, results forthcoming from the Generation R Study have to contribute to the development of strategies for optimizing health and healthcare for pregnant women and children.

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Fetal and Postnatal Growth and Body Composition at 6 Months of Age

Cited by 63 publications

References 36 publications

Effect of protein intake and weight gain velocity on body fat mass at 6 months of age: The EU Childhood Obesity Programme

Effect of protein intake and weight gain velocity on body fat mass at 6 months of age: The EU Childhood Obesity Programme

Elevated Maternal Serum Folate in the Third Trimester and Reduced Fetal Growth: A Longitudinal Study

The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2012

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