Fetal alcohol syndrome: report of case

Dental anomalies in fetal alcohol syndrome. A systematic review

“…All 74 articles were selected through the titles and abstracts and 29 records were excluded based on the exclusion criteria. Of the excluded records, 65 did not focus on the presence of dental anomalies in the FAS, of which 4 were reports of animal tests, 47 reported facial changes without anomalies mentions and 11 were deemed irrelevant to the topic, resulting in 9 papers that met the search criteria, classified as follows: 3 case series, 3 case reports, 2 original research article and 1 letter to the editor [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. All cited and selected papers had in their methodology and in their discussion the focus on showing oral, facial and systemic alterations in patients with FAS (Table 1).…”

“…However, Chuch et al, was the first one that specifically described the number and shape of dental anomalies in serial cases of 22 patients and cited the presence of agenesis, twisting tooth and diastema. 8 of the papers cited the presence of oral clefts in the reported cases [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. In the paper by Andrade [24], it was clearly shown the presence of dental alterations and abnormalities and made their correlation with systemic renal alterations, which are derived from the same genetic defect of numeral dental alterations.…”

“…FAS is characterized by a pattern of congenital anomalies that include pre and/or postnatal growth retardation, central nervous system involvement with neurologic abnormalities, developmental delay or intellectual impairment, and various facial birth defects [1][2][3][4][5]8,[15][16][17][18]22]. It has been reported that during the prepubertal age, FAS patients have a characteristic emaciated appearance, which may not remain a feature in adolescence, at least in females [10][11][12]23].…”

“…Diagnostic criteria for FAS developed by IOM simplified the identification of classic FAS cases. When the phenotype is less than classic or atypical, confirming the diagnosis becomes difficult, if not impossible [17,18,20]. Early diagnosis is essential for appropriate intervention on children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure and can reduce their risk of facing social difficulties later in life as well as employment issues due to behavioural and learning difficulties or even lawbreaking occurrences as a result of impulsive behaviour and lack of inhibition [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24].…”

“…When the phenotype is less than classic or atypical, confirming the diagnosis becomes difficult, if not impossible [17,18,20]. Early diagnosis is essential for appropriate intervention on children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure and can reduce their risk of facing social difficulties later in life as well as employment issues due to behavioural and learning difficulties or even lawbreaking occurrences as a result of impulsive behaviour and lack of inhibition [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. In the papers presented, FAS diagnosis was made through the association of facial and systemic alterations, and the presence of several dental anomalies, such as agenesis, malocclusions, diastemas, twisting tooth and dental crowds [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24].…”